3D Echocardiography of Structural Heart Disease: an Imaging Atlas

Description

This atlas presents outstanding three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic images of structural heart diseases, including congenital and valvular diseases and cardiac masses and tumors. The aim is to enable the reader to derive maximum diagnostic and treatment benefit from the modality through optimal image acquisition and interpretation. To this end a wide range of instructive individual cases are depicted, with sequential arrangement of all images and views of diagnostic value, including 3D zoom, full-volume, and live 3D images. For each case, a key lesson is highlighted and attention is drawn to aspects of relevance to diagnosis and treatment. In addition, readers will have online access to echocardiographic video clips for each patient. The closing part of the book examines the role of 3D echocardiography in structural heart disease interventions. The superb quality of the illustrations and the range of cases considered ensure that this atlas will be an excellent visual learning tool and an ideal aid for cardiology residents and fellows in day-to-day clinical practice.

Table of Contents

1. Chapter 1 Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease
2. Chapter 2 Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
3. Chapter 3 Aortic Valve Disease
4. Chapter 4 Tricuspid Valve Disease
5. Chapter 5 Pulmonary Valve Disease
6. Chapter 6 Malfunction and Other Complications After Heart Valve Surgery
7. Chapter 7 Paravalvular Leak of Prosthetic Valves
8. Chapter 8 Infective Endocarditis (IE)
9. Chapter 9 ASDs and PFO
10. Chapter 10 VSD, PDA, Coarctation of Aorta, Subvalvular AS
11. Cardiac Mass
12. Intervention in Structural Heart Disease
13. Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease
14. Introduction
15. Case 1: Fibroelastic Deficiency, Prolapse of A2, Moderate Mitral Regurgitation (MR)
16. Case 2: Fibroelastic Deficiency+ (FED+), Severe Mitral Regurgitation, Prolapse and Rupture of
17. Case 3: Fibroelastic Deficiency+ (FED+), Rupture of Chorda of A2, Severe MR
18. Case 4: Forme Fruste, Rupture of Chorda of P2, Severe MR
19. Case 5: Rupture of Chorda of P2, Severe MR, Barlow Disease
20. Case 6: Barlow Disease, Rupture of Chorda of P2, Severe MR
21. Case 7: Barlow Disease, Severe Mitral Regurgitation, ¬Elongation of Chorda of P2
22. Case 8: Barlow Disease, Rupture of Chorda of Lateral Side of P2 (Between P1 and P2), Prola
23. Case 9: Barlow Disease, P2 Rupture, Severe MR
24. Case 10: Barlow Disease, Severe Mitral Regurgitation, and Rupture of Chorda of A2 and A3
25. Case 11: Severe Functional and Organic MR Due to Prolapse of A2 in a Post CABG Patient (
26. Case 12: Severe MR Due to Fibroelastic Deficiency and Flail of A2
27. Case 13: Severe MR Due to Barlow Disease
28. Case 14: Severe Mitral Regurgitation Due to Flail of P3 (Forme Fruste)
29. Case 15: Severe MR Due to Flail P2 (FED+)
30. Case 16: Severe MR Due to Flail of P2 (FED+)
31. References
32. Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis
33. Introduction
34. Case 1: Severe Mitral Stenosis, Mild MR, Mild AS, Moderate AI, No LA, and LAA Clot Suitable fo
35. Case 2: Severe MS, No MR, Mild AS, Mild to Moderate AI, and LAA Clot
36. Case 3: Severe MS, Mild MR, Mild AI, No LAA, and LAA Clot Suitable for PTMC
37. Case 4: Severe MS, Severe Spontaneous Contrast in LA, and LAA Clot
38. Case 5: Severe MS, Severe MR, Severe TR, and Severe Spontaneous Contrast in LA
39. Case 6: Severe MS, Moderate MR, and a Mobile Mass on Ventricular Side of Aortic Valve
40. Case 7: Severe MS, Mild MR, No LA, and LAA Clot
41. Case 8: Severe MS, Mild MR, Moderate AS, Moderate AI, No LA, and LAA Clot
42. Case 9: Severe MS, Mild MR, Moderate AI, No LA, and LAA Clot
43. Case 10: Mild Mitral Stenosis due to Severe Mitral Annulus Calcification and Senile Degener
44. Case 11: Severe Mitral Stenosis, Severe Mitral Regurgitation, Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation,
45. Case 12: Severe Mitral Stenosis, Mild Mitral Regurgitation, Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation, an
46. References
47. Aortic Valve Disease
48. Aortic Stenosis
49. Definition
50. How to Approach
51. Aortic Regurgitation
52. Case 1: Severe Aortic Regurgitation
53. Case 2: Critical AS, Severe AI
54. Case 3: Moderate Valvular AS, Bicuspid Aortic Valve, and Interrupted Aortic Arch
55. Case 4: Bicuspid Aortic Valve with Moderate Valvular Aortic Stenosis
56. Case 5: Bicuspid Aortic Valve, Mild AS, Mild AI
57. Case 6: Low Flow, Low Gradient Severe AS
58. Case 7: Paradoxical Low Gradient Severe AS
59. Case 8: Severe AS Post-CABG
60. Case 9: Bicuspid Aortic Valve with Severe AS and Severe AI
61. Case 10: TAVI Procedure
62. Case 11: Visualization of Four Pulmonary Veins and Measurement of Aortic Annulus for TAVI
63. Case 12: Type A Aortic Dissection
64. References
65. Tricuspid Valve Disease
66. Tricuspid Stenosis, Tricuspid Regurgitation
67. Case 1: Severe TS, Severe TR, Severe MS, Mild MR
68. Case 2: Severe TS Post-MVR
69. Case 3: Severe TS and Moderate TR and Severe MS
70. Case 4: Severe TS and Severe TR, Severe MS, Mild MR
71. Case 5: Carcinoid Disease with Severe TR and Severe PI
72. What is a Carcinoid Tumor?
73. What is a Carcinoid Heart?
74. What is the Cause of Involvement of the Right-Sided Valve in a Carcinoid Heart?
75. How is 5-HIAA Used?
76. Is There Anything Else that Affects 5-HIAA Level?
77. Case 6: Severe TR Due to Quadricuspid Tricuspid Valve
78. What is the Congenital Anomaly of Tricuspid Valve?
79. Tricuspid Atresia
80. Congenital Tricuspid Stenosis
81. Congenital Cleft of the Anterior Leaflet
82. What is the Variation in Number of Cusps in the Tricuspid Valve?
83. Case 7: Severe TS and Severe TR Due to Rheumatismal Involvement
84. When Do You Send Patient for Right-Sided Valve Surgery Along with a Good Left-Sided Prost
85. References
86. Pulmonary Valve Disease
87. Pulmonary Stenosis, Pulmonary Regurgitation
88. Case 1: Severe Valvular and Subvalvular Pulmonary Stenosis, Bicuspid Pulmonary Valve
89. Case 2: Moderate Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis with Partially Aneurysmal IAS and PFO and Small
90. Case 3: Moderate Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis with Right Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
91. Case 4: Severe PI Due to Infective Endocarditis
92. Case 5: Bicuspid Pulmonic Valve with Mild PS
93. References
94. Malfunction and Other Complications After Heart Valve ¬Surgery
95. Case 1: MVR with Bileaflet Prosthetic Mitral Valve and TVR with Bioprosthetic
96. Case 2: Valve in Ring for TV
97. Case 3: Severe TR on TV Ring Annuloplasty
98. Case 4: MVR and AVR and TV Ring Annuloplasty with Moderate TR
99. Case 5: Incomplete MV Ring Annuloplasty
100. Case 6: Severe MS on MV Ring Annuloplasty
101. Case 7: MVR with Bioprosthetic MV with a Clot in LA
102. Case 8: Ross Operation
103. Case 9: Pannus Formation on Bileaflet Prosthetic Mitral and Aortic Valve
104. Case 10: Malfunction of Prosthetic Tricuspid Valve—Thrombosis
105. Case 11: Unsuccessful MV Repair
106. Case 12: Severe TR on Bioprosthetic TV
107. References
108. Paravalvular Leak of Prosthetic Valves
109. Case 1: Dehiscence of Prosthetic Aortic Valve
110. Case 2: Moderately Severe Paravalvular Leak on Prosthetic Mitral Valve
111. Case 3: Moderate Paravalvular Leak of Prosthetic Aortic Valve and Moderate Paravalvular Leak of
112. Case 4: Severe Paravalvular Leak of Prosthetic Mitral Valve
113. References
114. Infective Endocarditis (IE)
115. Case 1: Infective Endocarditis on Pacemaker Lead
116. Case 2: Infective Endocarditis on Mitral Valve
117. Case 3: Infective Endocarditis on the Aortic Valve
118. References
119. ASDs and PFO
120. Atrial Septal Defects and PFO
121. ASD Ostium Secundum TYPE
122. ASD Pulmonary Hypertension
123. What is the Definition of Pulmonary Hypertension?
124. How We Can Calculate Pulmonary and Systemic Vascular Resistance by Echocardiography?
125. ASD Sinus Venosus
126. ASD Ostium Primum
127. Unroofing Coronary Sinus
128. Case 1: Two ASDs Ostium Secundum with PFO and Flap
129. Case 2: ASD Ostium Secundum with a Flap
130. Case 3: ASD Ostium Secundum with Loose Posteroinferior Rims
131. Case 4: ASD Ostium Secundum Near to SVC
132. Case 5: ASD Ostium Secundum with Partially Aneurysmal IAS
133. Case 6: Small ASD and Elevated Pulmonary Arterial Systolic Pressure
134. Case 7: ASD Ostium Secundum
135. Case 8: Iatrogenic ASD Post-PTMC
136. Case 9: Two ASDs Ostium Secundum and a Flap Within it
137. Case 10: ASD with Isenmenger Syndrome
138. Case 11: Sinus Venosus ASD with PAPVC
139. Case 12: Sinus Venosus ASD, PAPVC, and Moderate Valvaular PS
140. Patent Foramen Ovalis
141. Case 13: Aneurysm of Interatrial Septum and PFO
142. Case 14: AMVL Cleft and ASD
143. Case 15: Cleft of MV
144. References
145. VSD, PDA, Coarctation of Aorta, Subvalvular AS
146. VSD
147. Case 1: Perimembranous VSD
148. Case 2: Residual VSD Post-Surgery
149. Case 3: VSD Post-Surgery HOCM
150. Case 4: Post-Myocardial Infarction VSD
151. Case 5: PDA
152. Case 6: Subaortic Aortic Stenosis Membranous Type
153. Case 7: Coarctation of Aorta
154. Case 8: Subaortic Web
155. Reference
156. Cardiac Mass
157. Case 1: LAA Clot in DCM Patient
158. Case 2: LA and LAA Clot Due to MS
159. Case 3: LA Myxoma
160. Case 4: LA Myxoma with Severe MR
161. Case 5: Small Size Pulmonary Thromboemboli with Large RA Mass
162. Case 6: LAA Thrombosis
163. Case 7: RA Clots
164. Case 8: LA Myxoma
165. Case 9: Cardiac Hydatic Cyst
166. References
167. Intervention in Structural Heart Disease
168. Case 1: ASD Device Closure
169. Case 2: ASD Device Closure with Loose Inferoposterior Rim
170. Case 3: ASD Device Closure Complication
171. Case 4: Paravalvular Leak Closure of Prosthetic Mitral Valve
172. References

Authors Biography

Hakimeh Sadeghian, MD, is Associate Professor of Cardiology and Echocardiography in the Department of Echocardiography, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Dr. Sadeghian graduated from Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 1992 before specializing in cardiovascular medicine. She later studied in Paris, gaining diplomas in various specialties, including Congenital Heart Disease (Paris University V) and Echocardiography (Paris University XII). Dr. Sadeghian was responsible for founding the Echocardiography Department at Tehran Heart Center, where a range of procedures have been introduced, e.g., transesophageal echocardiography (including during surgery), dobutamine stress echocardiography, tissue Doppler echocardiography, 4D echocardiography, and fetal heart echocardiography. She is co-author (with Zahra Savand-Roomi) of the previous Springer book, Echocardiographic Atlas of Adult Congenital Heart Disease (2015).

Zahra Savand-Roomi, MD, is a cardiologist in the Department of Echocardiography, Kowsar Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. She graduated from Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2000 before specializing in cardiovascular medicine at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Between 2010 and 2012 she studied in Tehran Heart Center, gaining fellowship in Echocardiography (Tehran University of Medical Sciences). Upon returning to Shiraz in 2012 she founded the Echocardiography Department in Kowsar Hospital, where a range of procedures are performed, e.g., transesophageal echocardiography (including during surgery), dobutamine stress echocardiography, tissue Doppler echocardiography and 4D echocardiography. She is co-author (with Hakimeh Sadeghian) of the previous Springer book, Echocardiographic Atlas of Adult Congenital Heart Disease (2015).