Campbell Essential Biology, Global Edition (7th Edition)

Description

Develop and Practice Science Literacy Skills

Teach students to view their world using scientific reasoning with Campbell Essential Biology. The authors’ approach equips your students to become better informed citizens, relate concepts from class to their everyday lives, and understand and apply real data, making biology relevant and meaningful to their world and futures.

The new edition incorporates instructor feedback on what key skills to highlight in new Process of Science essays and uses striking infographic figures in conveying real data to help students see and better understand how science actually works. New author-narrated Figure Walkthrough Videos guide students through key biology concepts and processes.

New topics in Why It Matters inspire curiosity and provide real-world examples to convey why abstract concepts like cell respiration or photosynthesis matter to students. This edition’s unmatched offering of author-created media supports students in the toughest topics with 24/7 access through the enhanced Pearson eText, embedded QR codes in the print text, and Mastering Biology.

New to this Edition

About the Book

Features in the textbook and Mastering Biology work together, creating a seamless learning suite to support student learning. Key concepts in the text are reinforced through assignments in Mastering Biology, bringing learning full circle for students.

Provide students with the opportunity to develop scientific literacy skills

• UPDATED! Process of Science essays present the material in a non-linear and highly visual format, aligning with widely accepted models of how science actually works. Ch 13: Did Natural Selection Shape the Beaks of Darwin’s Finches? Ch 14: Do Human Activities Facilitate Speciation? Ch 16: What Killed the Pines? Ch 20: Does Biodiversity Protect Human Health? Ch 27: Can Botulism Toxin Prevent Headaches?
• Heavily revised Chapter 1 focuses on science literacy skills to introduce students to the process of science right from the start.
• NEW! Visualizing the Data figures illustrate data in an infographic format and provide students with a fresh approach to understanding concepts. These 14 figures appear throughout the text with icons flagging where they appear.

Guide students through complex biological processes with engaging visuals

• NEW! Figure Walkthroughs, written and narrated by the author team, include a QR Code to an accompanying short video that explains the concept or process. The videos are assignable in Mastering Biology.
• UPDATED! “Why It Matters” photo collages have been updated to increase student curiosity about biology and give students real-world examples to convey why abstract concepts like cell respiration or photosynthesis matter. The authors have made improvements and updates based on reviewer feedback.
• Select chapters have new Chapter Threads, and all Chapter Thread essays have been updated for currency and relevancy. Each Chapter Thread weaves a compelling topic throughout the chapter, highlighted in the Biology and Society, The Process of Science, and Evolution Connection essays. New Chapter Threads include: Chapter 13: Evolution in Action Chapter 14: Evolution in the Human Dominated World Chapter 18: Biodiversity in Decline Chapter 20: Importance of Biodiversity Chapter 27: Neurotoxins

Table of Contents

1.  1 Learning About Life
2. CHAPTER THREAD
3. Swimming with the Turtles
4. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY A Passion for Life
5. The Scientific Study of Life
6. An Overview of the Process of Science
7. Hypotheses, Theories, and Facts
8. Controlled Experiments
9. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do Baby Turtles Swim?
10. Evaluating Scientific Claims
11. The Properties of Life
12. Major Themes in Biology
13. The Relationship of Structure to Function
14. Information Flow
15. Pathways That Transform Energy and Matter
16. Interactions within Biological Systems
17. Evolution
18. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Turtles in the Tree of Life
19. UNIT 1 CELLS
20. 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology
21. CHAPTER THREAD
22. Helpful Radiation
23. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Nuclear Medicine
24. Some Basic Chemistry
25. Matter: Elements and Compounds
26. Atoms
27. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Effective Is Radiation in Treating Prostate Cancer?
28. Chemical Bonding and Molecules
29. Chemical Reactions
30. Water and Life
31. Water
32. Acids, Bases, and pH
33. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock
34. 3 The Molecules of Life
35. CHAPTER THREAD
36. Lactose Intolerance
37. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Got Lactose?
38. Organic Compounds
39. Carbon Chemistry
40. Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks
41. Large Biological Molecules
42. Carbohydrates
43. Lipids
44. Proteins
45. Nucleic Acids
46. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis?
47. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans
48. 4 A Tour of the Cell
49. CHAPTER THREAD
50. Humans Versus Bacteria
51. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells
52. The Microscopic World of Cells
53. The Two Major Categories of Cells
54. An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells
55. Membrane Structure
56. The Plasma Membrane
57. Cell Surfaces
58. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Was the First 21st-Century Antibiotic Discovered?
59. The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell
60. The Nucleus
61. Ribosomes
62. How DNA Directs Protein Production
63. The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products
64. The Endoplasmic Reticulum
65. The Golgi Apparatus
66. Lysosomes
67. Vacuoles
68. Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing Cellular Energy
69. Chloroplasts
70. Mitochondria
71. The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement
72. Maintaining Cell Shape
73. Flagella and Cilia
74. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans
75. 5 The Working Cell
76. CHAPTER THREAD
77. Nanotechnology
78. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Harnessing Cellular Structures
79. Some Basic Energy Concepts
80. Conservation of Energy
81. Heat
82. Chemical Energy
83. Food Calories
84. ATP and Cellular Work
85. The Structure of ATP
86. Phosphate Transfer
87. The ATP Cycle
88. Enzymes
89. Activation Energy
90. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Enzymes Be Engineered?
91. Enzyme Activity
92. Enzyme Inhibitors
93. Membrane Function
94. Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes
95. Osmosis and Water Balance
96. Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes
97. Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules
98. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Origin of Membranes
99. 6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
100. CHAPTER THREAD
101. Exercise Science
102. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles
103. Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere
104. Producers and Consumers
105. Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
106. Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy
107. An Overview of Cellular Respiration
108. The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration
109. The Results of Cellular Respiration
110. Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy
111. Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells
112. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn?
113. Fermentation in Microorganisms
114. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Importance of Oxygen
115. 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food
116. CHAPTER THREAD
117. Solar Energy
118. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY A Solar Revolution
119. The Basics of Photosynthesis
120. Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis
121. An Overview of Photosynthesis
122. The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
123. The Nature of Sunlight
124. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis?
125. Chloroplast Pigments
126. How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy
127. How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH
128. The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide
129. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Creating a Better Biofuel Factory
130. UNIT 2 GENETICS
131. 8 Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells
132. CHAPTER THREAD
133. Life with and without Sex
134. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Virgin Birth of a Shark
135. What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes
136. The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
137. Eukaryotic Chromosomes
138. Duplicating Chromosomes
139. The Cell Cycle
140. Mitosis and Cytokinesis
141. Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control
142. Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction
143. Homologous Chromosomes
144. Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism
145. The Process of Meiosis
146. Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
147. The Origins of Genetic Variation
148. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do All Animals Have Sex?
149. When Meiosis Goes Wrong
150. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Advantages of Sex
151. 9 Patterns of Inheritance
152. CHAPTER THREAD
153. Dog Breeding
154. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Darwin’s Dogs
155. Genetics and Heredity
156. In an Abbey Garden
157. Mendel’s Law of Segregation
158. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
159. Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype
160. The Rules of Probability
161. Family Pedigrees
162. Human Traits Controlled by a Single Gene
163. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Is the Genetic Basis of Short Legs in Dogs?
164. Variations on Mendel’s Laws
165. Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People
166. ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance
167. Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease
168. Polygenic Inheritance
169. Epigenetics and the Role of Environment
170. The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
171. Linked Genes
172. Sex Determination in Humans
173. Sex-Linked Genes
174. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree
175. 10 The Structure and Function of DNA
176. CHAPTER THREAD
177. Deadly Viruses
178. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Global Threat of Zika Virus
179. DNA: Structure and Replication
180. DNA and RNA Structure
181. Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix
182. DNA Replication
183. From DNA to RNA to Protein
184. How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype
185. From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview
186. The Genetic Code
187. Transcription: From DNA to RNA
188. The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA
189. Translation: The Players
190. Translation: The Process
191. Review: DNA S RNA S Protein
192. Mutations
193. Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
194. Bacteriophages
195. Plant Viruses
196. Animal Viruses
197. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can DNA and RNA Vaccines Protect Against Viruses?
198. HIV, the AIDS Virus
199. Prions
200. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Emerging Viruses
201. 11 How Genes Are Controlled
202. CHAPTER THREAD
203. Cancer
204. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Breast Cancer and Chemotherapy
205. How and Why Genes Are Regulated
206. Gene Regulation in Bacteria
207. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells
208. Cell Signaling
209. Homeotic Genes
210. Visualizing Gene Expression
211. Cloning Plants and Animals
212. The Genetic Potential of Cells
213. Reproductive Cloning of Animals
214. Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells
215. The Genetic Basis of Cancer
216. Genes That Cause Cancer
217. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Avatars Improve Cancer Treatment?
218. Cancer Risk and Prevention
219. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Cancer in the Body
220. 12 DNA Technology
221. CHAPTER THREAD
222. DNA Profiling
223. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence
224. Genetic Engineering
225. Recombinant DNA Techniques
226. Gene Editing
227. Medical Applications
228. Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture
229. Human Gene Therapy
230. DNA Profiling and Forensic Science
231. DNA Profiling Techniques
232. Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA
233. Bioinformatics
234. DNA Sequencing
235. Genomics
236. Genome-Mapping Techniques
237. The Human Genome
238. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did Nic Have a Deadly Gene?
239. Applied Genomics
240. Systems Biology
241. Safety and Ethical Issues
242. The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods
243. Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies
244. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Y Chromosome as a Window on History
245. UNIT 3 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
246. 13 How Populations Evolve
247. CHAPTER THREAD
248. Evolution in Action
249. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Mosquitoes and Evolution
250. The Diversity of Life
251. Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life
252. Explaining the Diversity of Life
253. Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species
254. Darwin’s Journey
255. Darwin’s Theory
256. Evidence of Evolution
257. Evidence from Fossils
258. Evidence from Homologies
259. Evolutionary Trees
260. Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution
261. Natural Selection in Action
262. Key Points about Natural Selection
263. The Evolution of Populations
264. Sources of Genetic Variation
265. Populations as the Units of Evolution
266. Analyzing Gene Pools
267. Population Genetics and Health Science
268. Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool
269. Mechanisms of Evolution
270. Natural Selection
271. Genetic Drift
272. Gene Flow
273. Natural Selection: A Closer Look
274. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did Natural Selection Shape the Beaks of Darwin’s Finches?
275. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance
276. 14 How Biological Diversity Evolves
277. CHAPTER THREAD
278. Evolution in the Human-Dominated World
279. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Humanity’s Footprint
280. The Origin of Species
281. What Is a Species?
282. Reproductive Barriers between Species
283. Mechanisms of Speciation
284. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do Human Activities Facilitate Speciation?
285. Earth History and Macroevolution
286. The Fossil Record
287. Plate Tectonics and Biogeography
288. Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life
289. Mechanisms of Macroevolution
290. Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes
291. The Evolution of Biological Novelty
292. Classifying the Diversity of Life
293. Classification and Phylogeny
294. Classification: A Work in Progress
295. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Evolution in the Anthropocene
296. 15 The Evolution of Microbial Life
297. CHAPTER THREAD
298. Human Microbiota
299. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Our Invisible Inhabitants
300. Major Episodes in the History of Life
301. The Origin of Life
302. A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life
303. From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution
304. Prokaryotes
305. They’re Everywhere!
306. The Structure and Function of Prokaryotes
307. The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes
308. The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea
309. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?
310. Protists
311. Protozoans
312. Slime Molds
313. Unicellular and Colonial Algae
314. Seaweeds
315. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans
316. 16 The Evolution of Plants and Fungi
317. CHAPTER THREAD
318. Plant-Fungus Interactions
319. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Diamond of the Kitchen
320. Colonizing LandTerrestrial Adaptations of Plants
321. The Origin of Plants from Green Algae
322. Plant Diversity
323. Highlights of Plant Evolution
324. Bryophytes
325. Ferns
326. Gymnosperms
327. Angiosperms
328. Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource
329. Fungi
330. Characteristics of Fungi
331. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Killed the Pines?
332. The Ecological Impact of Fungi
333. Commercial Uses of Fungi
334. EVOLUTION CONNECTION A Pioneering Partnership17 The Evolution of Animals
335. CHAPTER THREAD
336. Human Evolution
337. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Evolving Adaptability
338. The Origins of Animal Diversity
339. What Is an Animal?
340. Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion
341. Animal PhylogenyMajor Invertebrate Phyla
342. Sponges
343. Cnidarians
344. Molluscs
345. Flatworms
346. Annelids
347. Roundworms
348. Arthropods
349. Echinoderms
350. Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
351. Characteristics of Chordates
352. Fishes
353. Amphibians
354. Reptiles
355. Mammals
356. The Human Ancestry
357. The Evolution of Primates
358. The Emergence of Humankind
359. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Can Lice Tell Us About Ancient Humans?
360. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Are We Still Evolving?
361. UNIT 4 ECOLOGY
362. 18 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
363. CHAPTER THREAD
364. Climate Change
365. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril
366. An Overview of Ecology
367. Ecology and Environmentalism
368. A Hierarchy of Interactions
369. Living in Earth’s Diverse Environments
370. Abiotic Factors of the Biosphere
371. The Evolutionary Adaptations of Organisms
372. Adjusting to Environmental Variability
373. Biomes
374. Freshwater Biomes
375. Marine Biomes
376. How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution
377. Terrestrial Biomes
378. The Water Cycle
379. Human Impact on Biomes
380. Climate Change
381. The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
382. The Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases
383. Effects of Climate Change on Ecosystems
384. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution?
385. Looking to Our Future
386. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Climate Change as an Agent of Natural Selection
387. 19 Population Ecology
388. CHAPTER THREAD
389. Biological Invasions
390. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Invasion of the Lionfish
391. An Overview of Population Ecology
392. Population Density
393. Population Age Structure
394. Life Tables and Survivorship Curves
395. Life History Traits as Adaptations
396. Population Growth Models
397. The Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited Environment
398. The Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a Limited Environment
399. Regulation of Population Growth
400. Applications of Population Ecology
401. Conservation of Endangered Species
402. Sustainable Resource Management
403. Invasive Species
404. Biological Control of Pests
405. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Fences Stop Cane Toads?
406. Integrated Pest Management
407. Human Population Growth
408. The History of Human Population Growth
409. Age Structures
410. Our Ecological Footprint
411. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Humans as an Invasive Species
412. 20 Communities and Ecosystems
413. CHAPTER THREAD
414. Importance of Biodiversity
415. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Why Biodiversity Matters
416. Biodiversity
417. Genetic Diversity
418. Species Diversity
419. Ecosystem Diversity
420. Causes of Declining Biodiversity
421. Community Ecology
422. Interspecific Interactions
423. Trophic Structure
424. Species Diversity in Communities
425. Disturbances and Succession in Communities
426. Ecological Succession
427. Ecosystem Ecology
428. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
429. Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems
430. Conservation and Restoration Biology
431. Biodiversity “Hot Spots”
432. Conservation at the Ecosystem Level
433. THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Does Biodiversity Protect Human Health?
434. Restoring Ecosystems
435. The Goal of Sustainable Development
436. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Saving the Hot Spots
437. Appendices
438. A Metric Conversion Table
439. B The Periodic Table
440. C Credits
441. D Selected Answers