Cell Therapy: Current Status and Future Directions (Molecular and Translational Medicine)

Description

This volume provides a comprehensive, state-of-the art review of the field of cell therapy. The volume begins with an overview of the breadth of the field and then turns to overviews of imaging technologies that can aid in both safety and efficacy evaluations. The book then turns to numerous contributions detailing the rapidly growing field of stem cell therapies. These sections cover our understanding of the natural roles of stem cells in biology and human disease and then touches on several of the more prominent areas where stem cells are moving rapidly into clinical evaluation including neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophy, cardiac repair, and diabetes. The volume concludes with contributions from experts in oncology, ophthalmology, stem cells, 3-D printing, and biomaterials where the convergence of expertise is leading to unprecedented insights into how to minutely control the in vivo fate and function of transplanted and/or endogeneously mobilized cells. Finally, the book provides insights into the pivotal relationship between academic and industrial partnerships. This volume is designed to touch on the major areas where the field will make its greatest and most immediate clinical impacts. This text will provide a useful resource for physicians and researchers interested in the rapidly changing filed of cell therapy.

Table of Contents

1. Preface: A Brief Introduction to the Span of Cell Therapy
2. Contents
3. Contributors
4. 1: Molecular Considerations in Cell Transplant Imaging
5. Introduction
6. The Need for Molecular Imaging: Limitations of Cell-Based Therapies
7. Recent Advances in Molecular Imaging
8. Bright-Field and Fluorescent Optical Imaging
9. PET Imaging
10. Bioluminescence Imaging
11. MR Imaging and Spectroscopy
12. Concluding Remarks and Outlook
13. References
14. 2: Considerations for Successful Encapsulated β-Cell Therapy
15. Introduction
16. Islet Transplantation
17. Islet Transplantation: Site Selection Considerations
18. Encapsulating Islets: Biomass Considerations
19. Islet Encapsulation Failure Modes
20. Subacute Processing Stress
21. Acute Implant Failure
22. Chronic Failure of Cell Encapsulation Systems
23. Immune Rejection
24. Hypoxia
25. Strategies for Addressing Hypoxia
26. Refillable Gas Supply
27. Artificial Oxygen Carriers
28. Vascularization
29. Strategies for Mitigating Chronic Fibrosis
30. Coatings and Covalent Modifications
31. Stem Cell-Derived Β-Cells as an Alternative to Isolated Cadaveric Islets
32. Generation of Glucoresponsive Stem Cell-Derived Β-Cells
33. Clinical Translation of Stem Cell-Derived β-Cells
34. The Future of β-Cell Therapy
35. References
36. 3: Stem Cell Therapy for Neurovascular and Traumatic Brain Diseases
37. Introduction
38. Acute Pathology of Stroke and TBI
39. Chronic Pathology of Stroke and TBI
40. Stem Cell Therapy for Neurovascular Disorders
41. Stem Cell Transplantation in Stroke
42. Stem Cell Transplantation in TBI
43. Mechanisms of Stem Cell Therapy
44. The Promise of Combination Therapies with Stem Cells
45. The Spleen as a Novel Target for Stem Cells
46. Challenges in Stem Cell Therapy
47. Potential Adverse Effects of Stem Cell Therapy
48. Cell-Free Materials and Exosomes in Neurovascular Therapy
49. TBI and Stroke: Implications of Cell-Free Treatment
50. Feasibility of Exosome Transplantation Therapies
51. Conclusion: Connecting the Dots of Stem Cell Therapy
52. References
53. 4: Cell Replacement Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease
54. Introduction
55. Ventral Mesencephalon Grafting
56. Clinical Trial Outcomes
57. Stem Cell Grafting
58. Conclusions
59. References
60. 5: Cell Therapy for Epilepsy
61. Epilepsy
62. History
63. Definitions, Clinical Features, Therapeutic Needs, and Models
64. Cell Therapy: Direct Grafting
65. Introduction: Cell Types
66. Substitution Strategies and Bystander Effects
67. Increased Inhibition Strategies
68. Limits of This Approach
69. Cell Therapy: Encapsulated Cell Biodelivery (ECB) Systems
70. Introduction: Description of the Strategy
71. Increased Inhibition Strategies: Galanin
72. Neurotrophic Factors
73. Delivering NTF with ECB Devices
74. References
75. 6: Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Therapies: Current Status and Future Directions
76. Introduction
77. Dendritic Cell Subpopulations
78. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
79. Conventional/Myeloid Dendritic Cells
80. Skin Dendritic Cells
81. Inflammatory DCs
82. Dendritic Cell Functions
83. Activating Signals from DCs
84. Inhibitory Signals from DCs
85. Antigen Loading into DCs
86. DC-Mediated Immune Responses Against Tumors
87. Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy
88. Generation of DCs and Antigen Loading
89. In Vivo DC Targeting for Immunotherapy
90. DC Vaccines Combined with Other Therapies
91. DC Vaccine Clinical Trials
92. Conclusions and Future Directions
93. References
94. 7: Encapsulation Approaches to Cell Therapy
95. Introduction
96. Macro- or Microencapsulation
97. Biocompatibility of Encapsulation Biopolymers
98. Improving Biotolerability
99. Biotolerability from the Inside Out
100. Engineering an Optimal Capsule Requires Intracapsular Modifications
101. Concluding Remarks and Future Considerations
102. References
103. 8: Biomaterials and Cells for Revascularization
104. Introduction
105. Specific Barriers for Revascularization Cell Therapy
106. Current Therapeutic Outlook
107. Biology Challenges
108. Engineering Challenges
109. Cell Candidates for Revascularization Cell Therapy Strategies
110. Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis
111. Differentiated Cells for Revascularization
112. Progenitors Cells for Revascularization
113. Biomaterials
114. Types of Biomaterials
115. Naturally Occurring Polymers
116. Synthetically Occurring Polymers
117. Conclusions and Future Directions
118. References
119. 9: Cell Reprogramming for Cardiac Regeneration and Rare Disease Modeling
120. Introduction: Cell Reprogramming
121. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC)
122. iPSC Discovery and Derivation
123. iPSC Differentiation Potential
124. Partial and Direct Cell Reprogramming
125. Application of Cell Reprogramming Technology
126. Cell Reprogramming for Cardiac Regeneration
127. Mammalian Cardiac Regeneration Capacity
128. Current Therapeutical Approaches for Heart Regeneration
129. Cell Reprogramming for Regeneration of Damaged Heart Tissue
130. Cardiac and Vascular Cells from Differentiated iPSC
131. Partial Reprogramming to Obtain Cardiac and Vascular Cells
132. Direct Cell Reprogramming to Induce Cardiac and Vascular Cells
133. In Vivo Reprogramming of the Resident Cardiac Fibroblasts
134. Rare Disease Modeling
135. Definition and Epidemiology
136. Cell Reprogramming for Rare Disease Modeling
137. Considerations for iPSC Disease Modeling Development
138. Reprogramming to Patient-Specific iPSC
139. Rare Disease Modeling by Gene Editing
140. Therapeutic Applications of iPSC Models of Genetic Diseases
141. Challenges and Concluding Remarks
142. References
143. 10: Engineering Organoid Systems to Model Health and Disease
144. Introduction
145. Spheroid Systems to Enhance MSC Potency for Cellular Therapies
146. Multicellular Organoids
147. Development of a Mini-brain in a Dish
148. Intestinal Organoids
149. Pancreatic Organoids for Insulin Production
150. Applications of Organoids
151. Propagation of Difficult to Culture Cell Types
152. Disease Models
153. Drug Screening
154. Therapeutics and Injectable Products
155. Future Directions
156. Human on a Chip Drug Screening Platforms
157. Human Organ on a Chip for In Vitro Drug Discovery
158. Conclusion
159. References
160. 11: 3D Printing for Cell Therapy Applications
161. Stem Cells Used in Regenerative Medicine Applications
162. Embryonic Stem Cells
163. Fetal Stem Cells
164. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
165. Adult Stem Cells
166. Bioprinting
167. Droplet-Based Bioprinting
168. Extrusion-Based Bioprinting
169. Laser-Based Bioprinting
170. Stages of Bioprinting
171. Pre-organ Printing
172. Scaffold-Based Bioprinting
173. Scaffold-Free Bioprinting
174. Organ Printing
175. Post-organ Printing
176. Recent Achievements in Stem Cell Bioprinting
177. Vasculature
178. Bone
179. Cartilage
180. Nerve/Brain
181. Pancreas
182. Liver
183. Cardiac
184. Skin Tissue
185. Challenges and Future Perspective
186. Conclusion
187. References
188. 12: Cell Therapy for Ophthalmic Diseases
189. Ocular Disease Prevalence
190. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye
191. Diseases of the Retina
192. Age-Related Macular Degeneration
193. Macular Telangiectasia
194. Glaucoma
195. Ocular Drug Delivery Barrier
196. Ocular Immune Privilege
197. Intravitreal Administration of Recombinant Proteins
198. Therapeutic Gene Delivery to the Retina
199. Gene Delivery Using Viral Vectors
200. Implications of the State of the Target Cell for Gene Delivery
201. Cellular Transplantation for Retinal Disease
202. Sources of Stem Cells for Therapeutic Delivery in Retinal Disease
203. Encapsulated Cell-Based Delivery of Therapeutic Molecules
204. Pre-Clinical Neuroprotection Studies of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Delivered by ECT
205. Clinical Evaluation of ECT in Geographic Atrophy and Retinitis Pigmentosa
206. Potential Role of ECT and Neuroprotection in the Treatment of Glaucoma
207. Potential of ECT and Neuroprotection in the Treatment of Macular Telangiectasia
208. ECT Delivery of Anti-angiogenic Proteins
209. Conclusions
210. References
211. 13: Cell Therapy: Approaching a Partnership with Pharma
212. The Drug Discovery Landscape: Circa 2017
213. Model #1: Regenerative Cell Therapy (The Promise of the Infinite)
214. Model #2: Adult Cell Therapy (Practical Outcomes)
215. Model #3: Recombinant Cell Therapy (Implant Bioengineering)
216. Technology Considerations
217. Team Considerations
218. Timing Considerations
219. Due Diligence Considerations
220. Economic Considerations
221. Marketing Considerations
222. Cell Therapy Outlook: A Personal View
223. References
224. 14: Stem Cell Therapy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
225. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
226. Architecture of Skeletal Muscle
227. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization
228. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
229. Human Stem Cell Therapy Candidates: Preclinical and Clinical Studies
230. Satellite Cells
231. Mesoangioblasts
232. CD133+ Stem Cells
233. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
234. Fibro-/Adipogenic Progenitors (FAPs)
235. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
236. Conclusions
237. References
238. Index

Editors Biography

Dwaine F. Emerich, PhDVP R&DNsGene, inc.225 Chapman StreetProvidence Rhode Island 02905Phone: 401-429-9249
Gorka Orive, PhD