Fundamentals of Orthopedics (2nd Revised Edition)

Description

Key Features

• An up-to-date, to-the-point and all-in-one package to tackle theory and practical examinations, as well as the current entrance examination pattern.
• Covers borderline topics in orthopaedics such as spine, polytrauma, metabolic bone diseases, arthritis, skeletal dysplasisas, brachial plexus plasy, thoracic outlet syndrome and soft tissue sarcomas in a simplified and complete manner.
• Includes a New chapter on Sports Injuries and their Rehabilitation, an upcoming speciality, as a separate unit with elaborate information on common sports injuries, their management and exercise prescription.
• Provides over 1000 well-labelled images, with similes, depicting all clinical and radiological signs in orthopaedics and the common instruments and the implants in use.
• Describes High-Yield Points at the end of every topic specifically targeting the current pattern of multiple choice questions (MCQs).
• Contains a smartly prepared Practice Session covering all possible types of MCQs asked till date in various competitive examinations with answer references from the text.
• Gives Picture Quiz based on current trend for practicing image-based questions.
• Useful for undergraduate and postgraduate student

Table of Contents

1. 1. Introduction to Orthopedics
2. Orthopedics—History and Evolution
3. Some Orthopedic Legends and their Contribution
4. Orthopedic Terminology
5. 2. General Orthopedics
6. Anatomy and Composition of Bone
7. Functions of Skeleton System
8. Structure of Bone
9. Types of Bones
10. Blood Supply of Bone
11. Growth of Bone
12. Fracture: Types and Classifications
13. Biology of Fracture Healing and Nonunion
14. Fracture Healing
15. Delayed Union and Nonunion
16. Bone Grafting
17. Bone Graft Substitutes
18. Splints and Tractions
19. Splints
20. Traction
21. Beds and Frames
22. General Principles of Fracture Fixation
23. Fracture Considerations in Children and Physeal Injuries
24. Unique Features of Pediatric Bone
25. Characteristic Fracture Patterns of Pediatric Bone
26. Physeal Injuries
27. Special Fracture Groups
28. Stress Fractures
29. Pathological Fractures
30. Imaging in Orthopedics
31. Tourniquet in Orthopedics
32. 3. Management of Polytrauma Patients and Open Fractures
33. Management of a Polytrauma Patient
34. Triage
35. Guidelines for Care of Seriously Injured
36. Basic Life Support
37. Advanced Life Support and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support
38. Advanced Trauma Life Support
39. Management of Open Fractures
40. Crush Syndrome (Traumatic Rhabdomyolysis)
41. Damage Control Orthopedics
42. Trauma Scoring Systems
43. Revised Trauma Score
44. Injury Severity Score
45. Mangled Extremity Severity Score
46. Hannover Fracture Scale
47. Ganga Hospital Open Injury Severity Score
48. 4. Traumatology: Injuries of Upper Limb, Skull and Face
49. Injuries around the Shoulder Girdle and Fracture Shaft of Humerus
50. Clavicle Fracture
51. Fracture of Scapula
52. Shoulder Dislocation
53. Acromioclavicular Joint Injury
54. Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocation
55. Fracture of Proximal Humerus
56. Fracture Shaft of Humerus
57. Injuries around the Elbow
58. Supracondylar Humerus Fracture
59. Lateral Condyle Humerus Fracture
60. Medial Epicondyle Fracture
61. Distal Humeral Fracture in Adults
62. Elbow Dislocation
63. Pulled Elbow (Nursemaid’s Elbow)
64. Fracture of the Capitellum
65. Fracture of the Radial Head
66. Fracture of the Radial Neck
67. Essex-Lopresti Fracture
68. Olecranon Fracture
69. Injuries of the Forearm, Wrist and Hand
70. Fracture of Both Bones of Forearm
71. Monteggia Fracture Dislocation
72. Galeazzi Fracture Dislocation (Piedmont’s Fracture)
73. Fractures of Distal End of Radius
74. Fractures and Dislocations of the Carpal Bones
75. Scaphoid Fracture
76. Fractures of Other Carpal Bones
77. Lunate and Perilunate Dislocation
78. Metacarpal Fractures
79. Fractures of the Base of First Metacarpal
80. Boxer’s Fracture
81. Finger Carpometacarpal Joint Fracture Dislocations
82. Phalangeal Fractures and Dislocations
83. Kaplan Injury
84. Tuft Fracture
85. Tendon Injuries of the Hand
86. Flexor Tendon Injuries
87. Extensor Tendon Injuries
88. Treatment of Tendon Injuries
89. Crush Injury of the Hand
90. Reimplantation of a Transected Digit (or a Limb)
91. Skull and Facial Fractures
92. Skull Fractures
93. Maxillofacial Fractures
94. Mandibular Fractures
95. Nasal Fractures
96. 5. Traumatology: Injuries of Pelvis, Hip and Lower Limb
97. Fractures of Pelvis and Acetabulum
98. Pelvic Fractures
99. Acetabular Fractures
100. Biomechanics, Gait Analysis and Clinical Examination of the Hip Joint
101. Hip Biomechanics and Abnormal Gait Patterns
102. Examination of the Hip Joint
103. Injuries around the Hip Joint and Fracture Shaft of Femur
104. Dislocation of the Hip
105. Proximal Femoral Fractures
106. Fracture of Neck of Femur
107. Fracture Neck Femur in Children
108. Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur
109. Subtrochanteric Fracture
110. Fracture Shaft of Femur
111. Injuries around the Knee and Leg
112. Distal Femur Fractures
113. Tibial Plateau Fractures
114. Dislocation of the Knee
115. Fracture of Patella
116. Extensor Mechanism Disruptions
117. Fractures of the Shaft of Tibia and Fibula
118. Tibial Plafond Fractures (Pilon Fracture)
119. Injuries around the Ankle and Foot
120. Fractures around the Ankle
121. Fracture of Talus
122. Calcaneum Fracture
123. Midtarsal Injuries
124. Lisfranc Dislocation (Tarsometatarsal Dislocation)
125. Metatarsal Fractures
126. Fractures of Phalanges
127. 6. Sports Injuries and their Rehabilitation
128. Introduction to Sports Medicine
129. Classification of Sports Injuries
130. Prevention of Sports Injuries
131. Sports Injuries around the Shoulder
132. Recurrent Dislocation of Shoulder
133. Shoulder Instability
134. Rotator Cuff Tears and Arthropathy
135. Disabled Throwing Shoulder and Slap Lesions
136. Sports Injuries around the Elbow
137. Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
138. Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow)
139. Common Sports Injuries of the Hand
140. Bowler’s Thumb
141. Skier’s/Gamekeeper’s Thumb
142. Mallet/Baseball Finger
143. Jersey Finger
144. Patellar Injuries in Sports
145. Patellar Dislocation
146. Ligament, Meniscal and Cartilage Injuries of Knee
147. Anatomy of Knee Ligaments
148. Mechanisms of Injury
149. Clinical Presentation
150. Clinical Examination
151. Imaging
152. Management
153. Rotatory Instabilities of Knee
154. Discoid Meniscus
155. Articular Cartilage Injuries
156. Loose Bodies in the Knee Joint
157. Ankle Injuries in Sports
158. Ankle Sprain
159. Important Tendon Affections
160. Tendo-Achilles Rupture
161. Biceps Tendon Rupture
162. Rupture of Knee Extensor Mechanism
163. Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
164. Iliopsoas Tendinitis
165. Hamstring Strain
166. Some Miscellaneous Conditions in Sportspersons
167. Sports Hernia/ Athletic Pubalgia/Gilmore’s Groin
168. Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints)
169. Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
170. Rehabilitation of an Injured Sports Person
171. 7. Spine
172. Understanding the Behavior of Spine
173. Localizing a Spinal Lesion
174. Neurological Deficits at Various Spinal Levels
175. Acute Spinal Cord Injury
176. Complete Versus Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury
177. Complications of Acute Spinal Cord Injury
178. Spinal Injuries
179. Relevant Anatomy
180. Biomechanics of Spinal Cord Injury
181. Concept of Spinal Stability
182. Diagnostic Aspects
183. Management of Spine Injury Patients
184. Treatment Modalities and Methods
185. Cervical Spine Injuries
186. Thoracolumbar Fractures
187. Management of Traumatic Paraplegia and Quadriplegia
188. Spondylolisthesis
189. Intervertebral Disk Degeneration
190. Posterior Intervertebral Disk Prolapse
191. Approach to a Patient with Back Pain
192. Scoliosis
193. Classification of Scoliosis
194. Scoliotic Curves
195. Clinical Presentation
196. Diagnosis
197. Management
198. Kyphosis
199. Scheuermann’s Disease (Adolescent Idiopathic Kyphosis)
200. 8. Peripheral Nerve Injuries
201. Peripheral Nerve Injury: Anatomy, Classification and Diagnosis
202. Gross Anatomy
203. Microscopic Anatomy
204. Neuronal Degeneration and Regeneration
205. Mechanisms of Nerve Injuries
206. Classification of Nerve Injuries
207. Diagnosis of a Nerve Injury
208. Special Investigations
209. Peripheral Nerve Injuries of Upper Limb
210. Ulnar Nerve Palsy
211. Median Nerve Palsy (C5–8, T1)
212. Radial Nerve Palsy (C5–8, T1)
213. Axillary Nerve Palsy (C5–6)
214. Suprascapular Nerve Palsy (C5–6)
215. Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy (C5–7) (Nerve of Bell)
216. Spinal Accessory Nerve Palsy
217. Musculocutaneous Nerve Palsy (C5–6)
218. Peripheral Nerve Injuries of Lower Limb
219. Sciatic Nerve Palsy
220. Management of Nerve Injuries
221. Nerve Entrapment Syndromes (Compression Neuropathies)
222. Brachial Plexus Palsy
223. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
224. 9. Bone and Joint Infections
225. Osteomyelitis
226. Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
227. Brodie’s Abscess
228. Chronic Osteomyelitis
229. Sclerosing Osteomyelitis of Garre
230. Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
231. Septic Arthritis
232. Tom Smith Arthritis (Thomas Smith, 1874)
233. Madura Foot
234. Syphilis and Orthopedics
235. Leprosy and Orthopedics (Hansen’s Disease)
236. Hand Infections
237. Infections around Nail
238. Infections in the Hand
239. Acute Suppurative Tenosynovitis
240. 10. Skeletal Tuberculosis
241. General Overview of Tuberculosis
242. Tuberculosis of Spine
243. Tuberculosis of the Hip Joint
244. Tuberculosis of the Knee Joint
245. Tuberculosis of Other Joints
246. Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
247. 11. Orthopedic Oncology
248. General Principles
249. Tumor-like Lesions
250. Fibrous Dysplasia
251. Fibrous Cortical Defect or Nonossifying Fibroma
252. Osteofibrous Dysplasia
253. Bone Cyst
254. Osteochondroma or Exostosis
255. Benign Bone Tumors
256. Osteoma
257. Osteoid Osteoma
258. Osteoblastoma
259. Chondroma (Enchondroma)
260. Chondroblastoma
261. Chondromyxoid Fibroma
262. Giant Cell Tumor (Osteoclastoma)
263. Hemangioma
264. Malignant Bone Tumors
265. Chordoma
266. Chondrosarcoma
267. Osteosarcoma
268. Adamantinoma
269. Ewing Sarcoma
270. Multiple Myeloma (Kahler’s Disease)
271. Miscellaneous Conditions of Clinical Interest
272. Bone Island
273. Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
274. Gorham’s Disease
275. Cortical Desmoid
276. Glomus Tumor
277. Metastasis to Bone
278. Soft Tissue Sarcomas
279. Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
280. Liposarcoma
281. Synovial Cell Sarcoma
282. Fibrosarcoma
283. Epithelioid Sarcoma
284. Rhabdomyosarcoma
285. Eosinophilic Granuloma and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
286. Eosinophilic Granuloma of Bone
287. 12. Pediatric Orthopedics
288. Foot Deformities
289. Congenital Talipes Equinovarus or Clubfoot
290. Metatarsus Adductus
291. Pes Cavus and Pes Planus
292. Digital Deformities
293. Hallux Valgus
294. Other Important Digital Deformities
295. Deformities of Leg
296. Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of Tibia
297. Congenital Deficiencies of Long Bones (Hemimelia)
298. Deformities around the Knee
299. Angular Knee Deformities
300. Genu Varum
301. Blount’s Disease (Tibia Vara)
302. Genu Valgum
303. Genu Recurvatum
304. Congenital Dislocation of the Knee
305. Deformities around the Hip
306. Developmental Dysplasia of Hip
307. Perthes Disease
308. Transient Synovitis
309. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
310. Congenital Coxa Vara
311. Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency
312. Limb Length Discrepancy
313. Deformities of Upper Limb
314. Radial Club Hand (Radial Hemimelia)
315. Madelung Deformity
316. Radioulnar Synostosis
317. Deformities of the Trunk and Vertebrae
318. Torticollis (Wry Neck)
319. Sprengel Shoulder
320. Klippel-Feil Syndrome
321. Basilar Impression
322. Miscellaneous Conditions of Interest in Children
323. Battered Baby Syndrome
324. Caffey’s Disease (Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis)
325. 13. Neuromuscular Disorders
326. Cerebral Palsy
327. Poliomyelitis
328. Spina Bifida and Other Related Conditions (Myelodysplasias)
329. Spina Bifida
330. Diastematomyelia
331. Tethered Cord Syndrome
332. 14. Genetic and Developmental Disorders
333. Skeletal Dysplasias
334. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Lobstein-Vrolik’s Disease/Brittle Bone Disease/Fragilitas Ossium)
335. Neurofibromatosis
336. Storage Disorders and Orthopedics
337. Homocystinuria and Orthopedics
338. 15. Metabolic Bone Diseases
339. Osteoporosis
340. Rickets
341. Osteomalacia
342. Oncogenic Osteomalacia/Rickets
343. Scurvy and Orthopedics
344. Hyperparathyroidism
345. Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
346. Fluorosis
347. Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
348. 16. Arthritis and Related Disorders
349. Relevant Anatomy
350. Synovial Fluid
351. Articular Cartilage
352. Inflammatory Arthritis
353. Rheumatoid Arthritis
354. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
355. Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
356. Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie-Strumpell Disease/Bechterew’s Disease)
357. Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)
358. Psoriatic Arthritis
359. Enteropathic Arthritis
360. Crystal Deposition Arthropathies
361. Gout
362. Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Arthropathy
363. Calcium Oxalate Deposition Arthropathy
364. Tumoral Calcinosis
365. Degenerative Arthritis
366. Miscellaneous Arthritis Affections
367. Neuropathic Joint (Charcot Joint)
368. Alkaptonuric Arthritis (Ochronosis)
369. Hemophilic Arthritis
370. Some Other Important Arthritic Affections
371. Chondromalacia Patellae
372. Osteochondrosis
373. Osgood Schlatter’s Disease
374. Kienbock’s Disease
375. Osteochondritis Dissecans
376. Synovial Chondromatosis
377. Avascular Necrosis of Head of Femur (Chandler’s Disease)
378. Femoroacetabular Impingement
379. 17. Soft Tissue Disorders
380. Adventitious Bursitis
381. Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
382. Morrant Baker’s Cyst (Popliteal Cyst)
383. Wrist and Hand Affections
384. Ganglion
385. De Quervain’s Disease
386. Trigger Finger/Thumb
387. Dupuytren’s Contracture
388. Hypothenar-Hammer Syndrome
389. Drummer Boy’s Palsy
390. Shoulder Affections
391. Subacromial Impingement Syndrome
392. Periarthritis Shoulder (Frozen Shoulder)
393. Foot Affections
394. Bunion
395. Morton’s Neuroma
396. Plantar Fasciitis
397. Metatarsalgia
398. Snapping Syndromes
399. Snapping Hip Syndrome
400. Snapping Knee Syndrome
401. Muscular Cysticercosis
402. Functional Pain Syndromes
403. Fibromyalgia (Fibrositis)
404. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
405. 18. Amputations, Prosthetics and Orthotics
406. Indications and Principles of Amputations
407. Emergency Care of a Traumatic Amputation
408. Indications
409. Types
410. Use of Tourniquet
411. Recommended Levels in Various Amputations
412. Nomenclature for Some Specific Amputations
413. After Treatment
414. Special Considerations in Children
415. Complications
416. Prosthetics and Rehabilitation of an Amputee
417. Orthotics and Other Related Devices
418. 19. Orthopedic Surgery: Evolution and Latest Trends
419. Plaster of Paris and Modern Synthetic Cast Material
420. Intramedullary Nailing
421. Bone Plating
422. AO/ASIF’s Latest Concepts in Fracture Fixation
423. Bone Cement
424. Orthobiologics
425. Autologous Blood and Platelet-rich Plasma
426. Stem Cells in Orthopedics
427. Arthroscopic Surgery
428. Arthroscopy of Knee
429. Arthroscopy of Shoulder
430. Arthroplasty
431. Replacement Arthroplasty of the Hip Joint
432. Replacement Arthroplasty of the Knee
433. Replacement Arthroplasty of the Shoulder
434. Principles of Limb Salvage and the “Megaprosthesis”
435. Orthopedic Biomaterials
436. Common Instruments and Implants Used in Orthopedics
437. General Instruments
438. Traction Instruments
439. External Fixator Assembly
440. Implants for Fracture Fixation around Hip
441. Bone Screws
442. Important Surgical Approaches
443. Shoulder and Upper Arm
444. Lower Arm
445. Forearm
446. Pelvis and Acetabulum
447. Hip
448. Knee
449. Ankle
450. 20. Synopsis of Orthopedics
451. Fracture Eponyms
452. Important Deformities with Mnemonics
453. Important Clinical Signs and Tests
454. Radiology Eponyms
455. Bone Tumor Capsule
456. Spinal Crash Course
457. Ligamentous Injuries of Knee Revisited
458. Surgeries under One Roof
459. The First-The Last; The Smallest-The Largest; The Most-The Least; The Best-The Worst!
460. 21. Practice Session
461. Multiple Choice Questions
462. General Orthopedics
463. Polytrauma
464. Upper Limb Traumatology
465. Hip Examination
466. Pelvis and Lower Limb Trauma
467. Sports Medicine (Ligament and Meniscal Injuries of Knee, Shoulder Instability and Rotator Cuff Tear)
468. Spine
469. Peripheral Nerve Injuries
470. Infections
471. Tumors
472. Pediatric Orthopedics
473. Neuromuscular Disorders
474. Genetic and Developmental Disorders
475. Metabolic Bone Diseases
476. Arthritis and Related Disorders
477. Soft Tissue Disorders
478. Amputations, Prosthotics and Orthotics
479. Orthopedic Surgeries, Evolution and Latest Trends
480. Picture Quiz
481. Answers Key
482. Index

Authors Biography

Mukul Mohindra MS DNB MNAMS Dip SICOT FNB

Specialist CGHS Specialist Wing and Central Institute of Orthopaedics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India