Human Neuroanatomy (2nd Edition)

Description

Human Neuroanatomy, 2nd Edition is a comprehensive overview of the anatomy of the human brain and spinal cord. The book is written at a level to be of use as a text for advanced students and a foundational reference for researchers, clinicians in the field. Building on the foundations of first edition, this revision looks to increase user-friendliness and clinical applicability through improved figures and the addition of illustrative case studies.

Written by James R. Augustine, with decades of experience teaching and researching in the field, Human Neuroanatomy, authoritatively covers this fundamental area of study within the neurosciences.

Table of Contents

1. Preface xiii
2. About the companion website xv
3. Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System 1
   1. Neurons 1
   2. Classification of Neurons 4
   3. The Synapse 5
   4. Neuroglial Cells 6
   5. Axonal Transport 9
   6. Degeneration and Regeneration 10
   7. Neural Transplantation 14
   8. Further Reading 14
4. Chapter 2 Development of the Nervous System 17
   1. First Week 19
   2. Second Week 20
   3. Third Week 20
   4. Fourth Week 21
   5. Fifth Week 24
   6. Vulnerability of the Developing Nervous System 26
   7. Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System 27
   8. Further Reading 29
5. Chapter 3 The Spinal Cord 31
   1. Embryological Considerations 31
   2. Gross Anatomy 34
   3. Nuclear Groups – Gray Matter 37
   4. Functional Classes of Neurons 39
   5. Funiculi/Fasciculi/Tracts – White Matter 40
   6. Spinal Reflexes 41
   7. Spinal Meninges and Related Spaces 42
   8. Spinal Cord Injury 43
   9. Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord 44
   10. Further Reading 44
6. Chapter 4 The Brain Stem 47
   1. External Features 47
   2. Cerebellum and Fourth Ventricle 50
   3. Organization of Brain Stem Neuronal Columns 52
   4. Internal Features 54
   5. Further Reading 65
7. Chapter 5 The Forebrain 67
   1. Telencephalon 67
   2. Diencephalon 77
   3. Cerebral White Matter 78
   4. Further Reading 79
8. Chapter 6 Introduction to Ascending Sensory Paths 81
   1. Receptors 81
   2. Classification of Receptors by Modality 81
   3. Classification of Receptors by Distribution and Function 84
   4. Structural Classification of Receptors 84
   5. Reflex Circuits 88
   6. General Sensory Paths 89
   7. Organization of General Sensory Paths 89
   8. Further Reading 92
9. Chapter 7 Paths for Pain and Temperature 95
   1. Path for Superficial Pain and Temperature from the Body 95
   2. Path for Visceral Pain from the Body 102
   3. The Trigeminal Nuclear Complex 107
   4. Path for Superficial Pain and Thermal Extremes from the Head 108
   5. Path for Thermal Discrimination from the Head 111
   6. Somatic Afferent Components of VII, IX, and X 113
   7. Trigeminal Neuralgia 113
   8. Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia 114
   9. Further Reading 114
10. Chapter 8 Paths for Touch, Pressure, Proprioception, and Vibration 117
    1. Path for General Tactile Sensation from the Body 117
    2. Path for Tactile Discrimination, Pressure, Proprioception, and Vibration from the Body 120
    3. Path for Tactile Discrimination from the Head 130
    4. Path for General Tactile Sensation from the Head 131
    5. Path for Proprioception, Pressure, and Vibration from the Head 133
    6. Trigeminal Motor Component 135
    7. Certain Trigeminal Reflexes 136
    8. Further Reading 138
11. Chapter 9 The Reticular Formation 141
    1. Structural Aspects 141
    2. Ascending Reticular System 146
    3. Descending Reticular System 149
    4. Functional Aspects of the Reticular Formation 149
    5. Further Reading 153
12. Chapter 10 The Auditory System 155
    1. Gross Anatomy 155
    2. The Ascending Auditory Path 158
    3. Descending Auditory Connections 164
    4. Injury to the Auditory Path 165
    5. Cochlear Implants 167
    6. Auditory Brain Stem Implants 167
    7. Further Reading 167
13. Chapter 11 The Vestibular System 171
    1. Gross Anatomy 171
    2. The Ascending Vestibular Path 173
    3. Other Vestibular Connections 180
    4. The Efferent Component of the Vestibular System 182
    5. Afferent Projections to the Vestibular Nuclei 182
    6. Vertigo 183
    7. Further Reading 184
14. Chapter 12 The Visual System 187
    1. Retina 187
    2. Visual Path 191
    3. Injuries to the Visual System 200
    4. Further Reading 204
15. Chapter 13 Ocular Movements and Visual Reflexes 207
    1. Ocular Movements 207
    2. Conjugate Ocular Movements 207
    3. Extraocular Muscles 209
    4. Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles 210
    5. Anatomical Basis of Conjugate Ocular Movements 215
    6. Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 216
    7. Vestibular Connections and Ocular Movements 216
    8. Injury to the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 218
    9. Vestibular Nystagmus 218
    10. The Reticular Formation and Ocular Movements 219
    11. Congenital Nystagmus 219
    12. Ocular Bobbing 219
    13. Examination of the Vestibular System 219
    14. Visual Reflexes 221
    15. Further Reading 225
16. Chapter 14 The Thalamus 227
    1. Introduction 227
    2. Nuclear Groups of the Thalamus 228
    3. Injuries to the Thalamus 238
    4. Mapping the Human Thalamus 238
    5. Stimulation of the Human Thalamus 239
    6. The Thalamus as a Neurosurgical Target 239
    7. Further Reading 240
17. Chapter 15 Lower Motor Neurons and the Pyramidal System 243
    1. Regions Involved in Motor Activity 243
    2. Lower Motor Neurons 243
    3. Pyramidal System 247
    4. Further Reading 256
18. Chapter 16 The Extrapyramidal System and Cerebellum 259
    1. Extrapyramidal System 259
    2. Cerebellum 267
    3. Input to the Cerebellum Through the Peduncles 271
    4. Input to the Cerebellum 272
    5. Cerebellar Output 273
    6. Cerebellar Circuitry 273
    7. Common Discharge Paths 273
    8. Cerebellar Functions 274
    9. Manifestations of Injuries to the Motor System 275
    10. Decorticate Versus Decerebrate Rigidity 278
    11. Epilogue 278
    12. Further Reading 279
19. Chapter 17 The Olfactory and Gustatory Systems 283
    1. The Olfactory System 283
    2. The Gustatory System 290
    3. Further Reading 295
20. Chapter 18 The Limbic System 299
    1. Historical Aspects 299
    2. Anatomy of the Limbic System 300
    3. Cyclic Paths of the Limbic System 306
    4. The Human Limbic System: A Case Study 306
    5. Descending Limbic Paths 307
    6. Functional Aspects of the Human Limbic System 307
    7. Limbic System Disorders 308
    8. Injuries to Limbic Constituents 309
    9. Psychosurgery of the Limbic System 309
    10. Further Reading 310
21. Chapter 19 The Hypothalamus 313
    1. Hypothalamic Zones (Medial to Lateral) 313
    2. Hypothalamic Regions (Anterior to Posterior) 315
    3. Hypothalamic Nuclei 315
    4. Fiber Connections 321
    5. Functions of the Hypothalamus 322
    6. Further Reading 324
22. Chapter 20 The Autonomic Nervous System 327
    1. Historical Aspects 327
    2. Structural Aspects 328
    3. Somatic Efferents Versus Visceral Efferents 331
    4. Visceral Afferents 331
    5. Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System 333
    6. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System 333
    7. Further Reading 334
23. Chapter 21 The Cerebral Hemispheres 337
    1. Facts and Figures 337
    2. Cortical Neurons 338
    3. Cortical Layers 338
    4. Cortical Columns (Microarchitecture) 343
    5. Functional Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex 343
    6. Cerebral Dominance, Lateralization, and Asymmetry 343
    7. Frontal Lobe 343
    8. Parietal Lobe 347
    9. Occipital Lobe 354
    10. Temporal Lobe 354
    11. Insula 357
    12. Aphasia 358
    13. Alexia 360
    14. Apraxia 360
    15. Gerstmann’s Syndrome 360
    16. Agnosia 360
    17. Dyslexia 360
    18. Further Reading 361
24. Chapter 22 Blood Supply to the Central Nervous System 365
    1. Cerebral Circulation 365
    2. Aortic Arch, Brachiocephalic Trunk, and Subclavian Vessels 366
    3. Vertebral–Basilar Arterial System 366
    4. Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord 368
    5. Blood Supply to the Brain Stem and Cerebellum 372
    6. Common Carotid Artery 378
    7. Blood Supply to the Cerebral Hemispheres 379
    8. Cerebral Arterial Circle 383
    9. Embryological Considerations 384
    10. Vascular Injuries 384
    11. Further Reading 384
25. Chapter 23 The Meninges, Ventricular System, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 387
    1. The Cranial Meninges and Related Spaces 387
    2. Ventricular System 391
    3. Cerebrospinal Fluid 393
    4. Further Reading 394
26. Figure and Table References 395
27. Index 399

Author Biography

James R. Augustine is Professor Emeritus in the School of Medicine at University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.