ISE Basic Biomechanics (8th Edition)

Description

Is running barefoot beneficial? What is the most mechanically efficient way to move a piece of heavy furniture? Can stretching before a competition worsen performance? How do cats always land on their feet? The answers to these questions are all based on the science of biomechanics. In Basic Biomechanics, Eighth Edition, the focus is on the anatomy and movement capabilities of the human body, explained with examples of relevant sport, clinical, and daily living applications. The quantitative aspects of biomechanics are presented in a manageable, progressive fashion, using a structured and problem-based format with practical advice. This edition also retains the important sensitivity to the fact that some beginning students of biomechanics possess weak backgrounds in mathematics. For this reason, it includes numerous sample problems and applications, along with practical advice on approaching quantitative problems. With balanced, integrated coverage of applied anatomy, mechanical principles, and relevant sport and daily living applications, this text introduces you to the basics of biomechanics. The quantitative aspects of biomechanics are presented in a manageable, progressive fashion, with practical advice on approaching both qualitative and quantitative problems in biomechanics. Instructors and students can now access their course content through the Connect digital learning platform by purchasing either standalone Connect access or a bundle of print and Connect access. McGraw-Hill Connect® is a subscription-based learning service accessible online through your personal computer or tablet. Choose this option if your instructor will require Connect to be used in the course. Your subscription to Connect includes the following: SmartBook® – an adaptive digital version of the course textbook that personalizes your reading experience based on how well you are learning the content. Access to your instructor’s homework assignments, quizzes, syllabus, notes, reminders, and other important files for the course. Progress dashboards that quickly show how you are performing on your assignments and tips for improvement. The option to purchase (for a small fee) a print version of the book. This binder-ready, loose-leaf version includes free shipping.

Table of Contents

1.  Contents
2. Preface
3. Acknowledgments
4. 1 What Is Biomechanics?
   1. Biomechanics: Definition and Perspective
   2. What Problems Are Studied by Biomechanists?
   3. Why Study Biomechanics?
   4. Problem-Solving Approach
   5. Quantitative versus Qualitative Problems
   6. Solving Qualitative Problems
   7. Formal versus Informal Problems
   8. Solving Formal Quantitative Problems
   9. Units of Measurement
   10. Summary
   11. Introductory Problems
   12. Additional Problems
   13. Laboratory Experiences
5. 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
   1. Forms of Motion
   2. Linear Motion
   3. Angular Motion
   4. General Motion
   5. Mechanical Systems
   6. Standard Reference Terminology
   7. Anatomical Reference Position
   8. Directional Terms
   9. Anatomical Reference Planes
   10. Anatomical Reference Axes
   11. Joint Movement Terminology
   12. Sagittal Plane Movements
   13. Frontal Plane Movements
   14. Transverse Plane Movements
   15. Other Movements
   16. Spatial Reference Systems
   17. Analyzing Human Movement
   18. Prerequisite Knowledge for a Qualitative Analysis
   19. Planning a Qualitative Analysis
   20. Conducting a Qualitative Analysis
   21. Tools for Measuring Kinematic Quantities
   22. Video and Film
   23. Summary
   24. Introductory Problems
   25. Additional Problems
   26. Laboratory Experiences
6. 3 Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
   1. Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics
   2. Inertia
   3. Mass
   4. Force
   5. Center of Gravity
   6. Weight
   7. Pressure
   8. Volume
   9. Density
   10. Torque
   11. Impulse
   12. Mechanical Loads on the Human Body
   13. Compression, Tension, and Shear
   14. Mechanical Stress
   15. Torsion, Bending, and Combined Loads
   16. The Effects of Loading
   17. Repetitive versus Acute Loads
   18. Tools for Measuring Kinetic Quantities
   19. Vector Algebra
   20. Vector Composition
   21. Vector Resolution
   22. Graphic Solution of Vector Problems
   23. Trigonometric Solution of Vector Problems
   24. Summary
   25. Introductory Problems
   26. Additional Problems
   27. Laboratory Experiences
7. 4 The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development
   1. Composition and Structure of Bone Tissue
   2. Material Constituents
   3. Structural Organization
   4. Types of Bones
   5. Bone Growth and Development
   6. Longitudinal Growth
   7. Circumferential Growth
   8. Adult Bone Development
   9. Bone Response to Stress
   10. Bone Modeling and Remodeling
   11. Bone Hypertrophy
   12. Bone Atrophy
   13. Osteoporosis
   14. Postmenopausal and Age-Associated Osteoporosis
   15. Female Athlete Triad
   16. Preventing and Treating Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
   17. Common Bone Injuries
   18. The Biomechanics of Bone Fractures
   19. Epiphyseal Injuries
   20. Summary
   21. Introductory Problems
   22. Additional Problems
   23. Laboratory Experiences
8. 5 The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Articulations
   1. Joint Architecture
   2. Immovable Joints
   3. Slightly Movable Joints
   4. Freely Movable Joints
   5. Articular Cartilage
   6. Articular Fibrocartilage
   7. Articular Connective Tissue
   8. Joint Stability
   9. Shape of the Articulating Bone Surfaces
   10. Arrangement of Ligaments and Muscles
   11. Other Connective Tissues
   12. Joint Flexibility
   13. Measuring Joint Range of Motion
   14. Factors Influencing Joint Flexibility
   15. Flexibility and Injury
   16. Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
   17. Neuromuscular Response to Stretch
   18. Active and Passive Stretching
   19. Ballistic, Static, and Dynamic Stretching
   20. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
   21. Common Joint Injuries and Pathologies
   22. Sprains
   23. Dislocations
   24. Bursitis
   25. Arthritis
   26. Rheumatoid Arthritis
   27. Osteoarthritis
   28. Summary
   29. Introductory Problems
   30. Additional Problems
   31. Laboratory Experiences
9. 6 The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Muscle
   1. Behavioral Properties of the Musculotendinous Unit
   2. Extensibility and Elasticity
   3. Irritability and the Ability to Develop Tension
   4. Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle
   5. Muscle Fibers
   6. Motor Units
   7. Fiber Types
   8. Fiber Architecture
   9. Skeletal Muscle Function
   10. Recruitment of Motor Units
   11. Change in Muscle Length with Tension Development
   12. Roles Assumed by Muscles
   13. Two-Joint and Multijoint Muscles
   14. Factors Affecting Muscular Force Generation
   15. Force–Velocity Relationship
   16. Length–Tension Relationship
   17. Stretch-Shortening Cycle
   18. Electromyography
   19. Electromechanical Delay
   20. Muscular Strength, Power, and Endurance
   21. Muscular Strength
   22. Muscular Power
   23. Muscular Endurance
   24. Muscle Fatigue
   25. Effect of Muscle Temperature
   26. Common Muscle Injuries
   27. Strains
   28. Contusions
   29. Cramps
   30. Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
   31. Compartment Syndrome
   32. Summary
   33. Introductory Problems
   34. Additional Problems
   35. Laboratory Experiences
10. 7 The Biomechanics of the Human Upper Extremity
    1. Structure of the Shoulder
    2. Sternoclavicular Joint
    3. Acromioclavicular Joint
    4. Coracoclavicular Joint
    5. Glenohumeral Joint
    6. Scapulothoracic Joint
    7. Bursae
    8. Movements of the Shoulder Complex
    9. Muscles of the Scapula
    10. Muscles of the Glenohumeral Joint
    11. Flexion at the Glenohumeral Joint
    12. Extension at the Glenohumeral Joint
    13. Abduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
    14. Adduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
    15. Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Humerus
    16. Horizontal Adduction and Abduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
    17. Loads on the Shoulder
    18. Common Injuries of the Shoulder
    19. Dislocations
    20. Rotator Cuff Damage
    21. Rotational Injuries
    22. Subscapular Neuropathy
    23. Structure of the Elbow
    24. Humeroulnar Joint
    25. Humeroradial Joint
    26. Proximal Radioulnar Joint
    27. Carrying Angle
    28. Movements at the Elbow
    29. Muscles Crossing the Elbow
    30. Flexion and Extension
    31. Pronation and Supination
    32. Loads on the Elbow
    33. Common Injuries of the Elbow
    34. Sprains and Dislocations
    35. Overuse Injuries
    36. Structure of the Wrist
    37. Movements of the Wrist
    38. Flexion
    39. Extension and Hyperextension
    40. Radial and Ulnar Deviation
    41. Structure of the Joints of the Hand
    42. Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
    43. Metacarpophalangeal Joints
    44. Interphalangeal Joints
    45. Movements of the Hand
    46. Common Injuries of the Wrist and Hand
    47. Summary
    48. Introductory Problems
    49. Additional Problems
    50. Laboratory Experiences
11. 8 The Biomechanics of the Human Lower Extremity
    1. Structure of the Hip
    2. Movements at the Hip
    3. Muscles of the Hip
    4. Flexion
    5. Extension
    6. Abduction
    7. Adduction
    8. Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Femur
    9. Horizontal Abduction and Adduction
    10. Loads on the Hip
    11. Common Injuries of the Hip
    12. Fractures
    13. Contusions
    14. Strains
    15. ]Structure of the Knee
    16. ibiofemoral Joint
    17. Menisci
    18. Ligaments
    19. Patellofemoral Joint
    20. Joint Capsule and Bursae
    21. Movements at the Knee
    22. Muscles Crossing the Knee
    23. Flexion and Extension
    24. Rotation and Passive Abduction and Adduction
    25. Patellofemoral Joint Motion
    26. Loads on the Knee
    27. Forces at the Tibiofemoral Joint
    28. Forces at the Patellofemoral Joint
    29. Common Injuries of the Knee and Lower Leg
    30. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
    31. Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
    32. Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries
    33. Meniscus Injuries
    34. Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
    35. Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
    36. Shin Splints
    37. Structure of the Ankle
    38. Movements at the Ankle
    39. Structure of the Foot
    40. Subtalar Joint
    41. Tarsometatarsal and Intermetatarsal Joints
    42. Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
    43. Plantar Arches
    44. Movements of the Foot
    45. Muscles of the Foot
    46. Toe Flexion and Extension
    47. Inversion and Eversion
    48. Pronation and Supination
    49. Loads on the Foot
    50. Common Injuries of the Ankle and Foot
    51. Ankle Injuries
    52. Overuse Injuries
    53. Alignment Anomalies of the Foot
    54. Injuries Related to High and Low Arch Structures
    55. Summary
    56. Introductory Problems
    57. Additional Problems
    58. Laboratory Experiences
12. 9 The Biomechanics of the Human Spine
    1. Structure of the Spine
    2. Vertebral Column
    3. Vertebrae
    4. Intervertebral Discs
    5. Ligaments
    6. Spinal Curves
    7. Movements of the Spine
    8. Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension
    9. Lateral Flexion and Rotation
    10. Muscles of the Spine
    11. Anterior Aspect
    12. Posterior Aspect
    13. Lateral Aspect
    14. Loads on the Spine
    15. Common Injuries of the Back and Neck
    16. Low Back Pain
    17. Soft-Tissue Injuries
    18. Acute Fractures
    19. Stress Fractures
    20. Disc Herniations
    21. Whiplash Injuries
    22. Summary
    23. Introductory Problems
    24. Additional Problems
    25. Laboratory Experiences
13. 10 Linear Kinematics of Human Movement
    1. Linear Kinematic Quantities
    2. Distance and Displacement
    3. Speed and Velocity
    4. Acceleration
    5. Average and Instantaneous Quantities
    6. Kinematics of Projectile Motion
    7. Horizontal and Vertical Components
    8. Influence of Gravity
    9. Influence of Air Resistance
    10. Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
    11. Projection Angle
    12. Projection Speed
    13. Relative Projection Height
    14. Optimum Projection Conditions
    15. Analyzing Projectile Motion
    16. Equations of Constant Acceleration
    17. Summary
    18. Introductory Problems
    19. Additional Problems
    20. Laboratory Experiences
14. 11 Angular Kinematics of Human Movement
    1. Observing the Angular Kinematics of Human Movement
    2. Measuring Angles
    3. Joint Angles and Body Segment Orientations
    4. Tools for Measuring Body Angles
    5. Instant Center of Rotation
    6. Angular Kinematic Relationships
    7. Angular Distance and Displacement
    8. Angular Speed and Velocity
    9. Angular Acceleration
    10. Angular Motion Vectors
    11. Average versus Instantaneous Angular Quantities
    12. Relationships Between Linear and Angular Motion
    13. Linear and Angular Displacement
    14. Linear and Angular Velocity
    15. Linear and Angular Acceleration
    16. Summary
    17. Introductory Problems
    18. Additional Problems
    19. Laboratory Experiences
15. 12 Linear Kinetics of Human Movement
    1. Newton’s Laws
    2. Law of Inertia
    3. Law of Acceleration
    4. Law of Reaction
    5. Law of Gravitation
    6. Mechanical Behavior of Bodies in Contact
    7. Friction
    8. Momentum
    9. Impulse
    10. Impact
    11. Work, Power, and Energy Relationships
    12. Work
    13. Power
    14. Energy
    15. Conservation of Mechanical Energy
    16. Principle of Work and Energy
    17. Summary
    18. Introductory Problems
    19. Additional Problems
    20. Laboratory Experiences
16. 13 Equilibrium and Human Movement
    1. Equilibrium
    2. Torque
    3. Resultant Joint Torques
    4. Levers
    5. Anatomical Levers
    6. Equations of Static Equilibrium
    7. Equations of Dynamic Equilibrium
    8. Center of Gravity
    9. Locating the Center of Gravity
    10. Locating the Human Body Center of Gravity
    11. Stability and Balance
    12. Summary
    13. Introductory Problems
    14. Additional Problems
    15. Laboratory Experiences
17. 14 Angular Kinetics of Human Movement
    1. Resistance to Angular Acceleration
    2. Moment of Inertia
    3. Determining Moment of Inertia
    4. Human Body Moment of Inertia
    5. Angular Momentum
    6. Conservation of Angular Momentum
    7. Transfer of Angular Momentum
    8. Change in Angular Momentum
    9. Angular Analogues of Newton’s Laws of Motion
    10. Newton’s First Law
    11. Newton’s Second Law
    12. Newton’s Third Law
    13. Centripetal Force
    14. Summary
    15. Introductory Problems
    16. Additional Problems
    17. Laboratory Experiences
18. 15 Human Movement in a Fluid Medium
    1. The Nature of Fluids
    2. Relative Motion
    3. Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
    4. Fluid Properties
    5. Buoyancy
    6. Characteristics of the Buoyant Force
    7. Flotation
    8. Flotation of the Human Body
    9. Drag
    10. Skin Friction
    11. Form Drag
    12. Wave Drag
    13. Lift Force
    14. Foil Shape
    15. Magnus Effect
    16. Propulsion in a Fluid Medium
    17. Propulsive Drag Theory
    18. Propulsive Lift Theory
    19. Stroke Technique
    20. Summary
    21. Introductory Problems
    22. Additional Problems
    23. Laboratory Experiences
    24. Appendices
    25. A Basic Mathematics and Related Skills
    26. B Trigonometric Functions
    27. C Common Units of Measurement
    28. D Anthropometric Parameters for the Human Body
    29. Glossary
    30. Index

Author Biography

Susan J. Hall is a Professor Emerita at the University of Delaware, having served as Deputy Dean of the university’s College of Health Sciences and chairperson of several academic departments. She is a fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) Research Consortium, and she has served as President of the Biomechanics Academy of AAHPERD, President of the AAHPERD Research Consortium, Vice President of the American College of Sports Medicine, and member of the Board of Directors of the International Society for Biomechanics in Sport and the Board of Trustees of the American College of Sports Medicine. Hall’s research interests have focused on low back pain prevention and the biomechanical aspects of selected sports and exercises, and she published numerous research papers and book chapters related to these topics. She is also the author of several successful textbooks and served on several journal editorial boards. After graduating from Duke University, Hall began her career as a high-school biology teacher. She then went on to receive a master’s degree from Texas Woman’s University and a Ph.D. from Washington State University. She has been teaching at the college level for more than 30 years.