Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings

Description

There has been enormous growth in the use of medical implants. However, in the case of hip replacement, loosening of metallic prosthesis fixed with polymethylmethylacrylate bone cement has resulted in painstaking revision surgery, which is a major problem for the patient, surgeon, and biomedical technology itself. In fact, global recognition of this problem led to the development of cement-less fixation through the novel introduction of a bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating on biomedical-grade metallic implants. Since then, a wide variety of coating methods have evolved to make the HAp coatings on metallic implants more reliable.

Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings discusses plasma spraying and other related HAp coating techniques, focusing on the pros and cons of macroplasma sprayed (MAPS)- and microplasma sprayed (MIPS)-HAp coatings. The book begins by explaining what a biomaterial really is, what the frequently used term biocompatibility stands for, and why it is so important for biomaterials to be biocompatible. It then:

• Examines the structural, chemical, macromechanical, micro/nanomechanical, and tribological properties and residual stress of HAp coatings
• Evaluates the efficacies under simulated body fluid immersion for MAPS- and MIPS-HAp coatings developed on biomedical implant-grade SS316L substrates
• Offers a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art in vivostudies of MIPS-HAp coatings, presenting the results of pioneering research related to bone defect fixation

Shedding light on the future scope and possibilities of MIPS-HAp coatings, Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings provides a valuable reference for students, researchers, and practitioners of biomedical engineering and materials science.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
   1. Introduction of Biomaterials
   2. Types of Biomaterials
   3. Categories of Bioceramics
   4. What Is Hydroxyapatite?
   5. What Is Hydroxyapatite Coating?
   6. Introduction of Bone: A Natural Biomaterial
   7. Introduction of Teeth: A Natural Biomaterial
   8. Surface Engineering of Bioinert Materials
   9. Challenges to Develop Surface-Engineered Implants
   10. Summary
   11. References
2. Plasma Spraying and Other Related Coating Techniques
   1. Plasma Spray Process
   2. How Will Coating Form?
   3. Plasma Sprayed HAp Coatings
   4. Microplasma Spraying
   5. Microplasma Spraying and Its Application
   6. Microplasma Spraying: A Unique Manufacturing Technique
   7. Other Coating Processes
   8. Microplasma vs. Macroplasma Spraying
   9. Summary
   10. References
3. Hydroxyapatite Coating and Its Application
   1. Background of the Problem and Basic Issues
   2. Applications of HAp Coating
   3. HAp Coating Developed by Different Methods
   4. Microplasma and Macroplasma Sprayed HAp Coatings: Pros and Cons
   5. Influence of Plasma Spraying Parameters on HAp Coating
   6. Nanostructured HAp Coating
   7. HAp Composite Coating
   8. Plasma-Sprayed HAp Coating: Current Research Scenario
   9. Summary
   10. References
4. Structural and Chemical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Coating
   1. Introduction
   2. Stoichiometry of HAp
   3. Phase Analysis of MIPS-HAp Coatings
   4. Spectroscopic Investigation of MIPS-HAp Coatings
   5. Microstructure of MIPS-HAp Coating
   6. Porosity Dependencies of Young’s Modulus and Hardness
   7. Qualitative Model for Explanation of Anisotropy
   8. Origin of Modeling on Pore Shape
   9. Summary
   10. References
5. In Vitro Studies of Hydroxyapatite Coatings
   1. Introduction
   2. Literature Status
   3. Synthesis of SBF in the Laboratory
   4. SBF Immersion of MAPS-HAp Coatings on SS316L
   5. SBF Immersion of MIPS-HAp Coatings on SS316L
   6. Summary
   7. References
6. Macromechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Coating
   1. Introduction
   2. What Governs HAp Coating’s Performance?
   3. Interface Issues
   4. Bonding Strength and Methods of Measurements
   5. What Are General Guidelines to Improve Bonding Strength?
   6. Other Important Parameters
   7. Influence of Adhesive
   8. Influence of Microstructure
   9. Influence of Vacuum Heat Treatment
   10. Role of Interfacial Stress
   11. Role of Substrate Holding Arrangements
   12. Failure Mode and Related Issues
   13. Influence of Humidity
   14. Influence of the Dissolution Behavior
   15. Bonding Strength Measurements by Technologies Other Than ASTM
   16. HAp Coatings Developed by Other Coating Processes
   17. Bonding Strength of MIPS-HAp Coatings
   18. MAPS-HAp vs. MIPS-HAp Coatings
   19. Effect of Residual Stress
   20. Shear Strength and Pushout Strength
   21. Three-Point Bending Test
   22. Fatigue Behavior
   23. Summary
   24. References
7. Micro/Nanomechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Coating
   1. Introduction
   2. Basic Theory of Nanoindentation
   3. Hardness
   4. Young’s Modulus
   5. Effect of SBF Immersion
   6. Reliability Issues in Nanoindentation Data
   7. Fracture Toughness of MIPS-HAp Coatings
   8. Summary
   9. References
8. Tribological Properties of Hydroxyapatite Coatings
   1. Introduction
   2. What Does the Literature Say?
   3. Nanoscratch Testing of MIPS-HAp Coatings at Lower Load
   4. Nanoscratch Testing of MIPS-HAp Coating at Higher Load
   5. Microscratch Testing of MIPS-HAp Coatings
   6. Microscratch Testing of MIPS-HAp Coatings before and after the SBF Immersion
   7. Summary
   8. References
9. Residual Stress of Hydroxyapatite Coating
   1. Introduction
   2. Origin of Residual Stress
   3. Identification of Residual Stress and Importance
   4. Factors Affecting Residual Stress
   5. Common Methodologies to Evaluate Residual Stress
   6. Relative Advantages and Disadvantages
   7. Role of Higher Plasmatron Power and Secondary Gas
   8. Role of the Substrate Temperature
   9. Nature of the Residual Stress State
   10. Role of Other Basic Process Parameters
   11. Residual Stress of Thermal Sprayed and Sol-Gel-Derived HAp Coatings
   12. Residual Stress of MIPS-HAp Coatings
   13. Summary
   14. References
10. In Vivo Studies of Microplasma Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coating
    1. Introduction
    2. Rabbit Model
    3. Goat Model
    4. Dog Model
    5. Summary
    6. Acknowledgments
    7. References
11. Future Scope and Possibilities
    1. MIPS-HAp Coating on Complex and Contoured Implants
    2. MIPS Coating of Other Calcium Phosphates (TCP, BCP, etc.)
    3. MIPS-HAp Coatings on C/C Composites
    4. Second Phase Incorporation in HAp Coatings
    5. Nanostructured Plasma Sprayed HAp Coating
    6. References
12. Conclusions