Speech Science: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice

Description

Speech Science: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice, 4th Edition focuses on the relationship between the scientific study of speech production and perception and the application of the material to the effective evaluation and treatment of communication disorders. Theoretical material is presented first, followed by clinical application chapters highlighting specific disorders. The organization of chapters in the new edition now more closely follows the speech subsystems approach, beginning with basic acoustics, and moving on to the respiratory system, phonatory system, articulatory/resonatory system, auditory system, and nervous system. As in previous editions, the book concludes with information on classic and current models and theories of speech production and perception. New and revised full color illustrations and larger spectrograms supplement the concepts presented by clearly depicting scientific and anatomical material and ensuring understanding of the links between the underlying science and human communicative behavior.

Table of Contents

1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. CHAPTER 1: The Nature of Sound
3. CHAPTER 2: The Respiratory System
4. CHAPTER 3: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory Disorders
5. CHAPTER 4: The Phonatory/Laryngeal System
6. CHAPTER 5: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory Disorders
7. CHAPTER 6: The Articulatory/Resonatory System
8. CHAPTER 7: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Articulatory and Resonance Disorders
9. CHAPTER 8: The Auditory System
10. CHAPTER 9: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Hearing Impairment
11. CHAPTER 10: The Nervous System
12. CHAPTER 11: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System
13. CHAPTER 12: Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception
14. DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
15. Foreword xiii
16. Preface xv
17. Acknowledgments xvii
18. Introduction xix
19. Chapter 1: The Nature of Sound 1
    1. International System of Units 2
    2. Basic Physics Concepts 3
    3. Mass, Force, Weight, Volume, and Density 3
    4. Speed, Velocity, Momentum, Acceleration, (and Inertia 5
    5. Elasticity and Stiffness 5
    6. Work, Energy, Power, and Intensity 5
    7. Pressure 6
    8. Sound: Changes in Air Pressure 7
    9. Behavior of Air 7
    10. Air Pressure 7
    11. Airflow 8
    12. Relationship between Air Pressure, Air Volume, and Air Density 8
    13. The Nature of Sound 9
    14. Why Molecules Keep Vibrating: Elasticity, Inertia, and Friction 11
    15. Sound Propagation 13
    16. Wave Motion of Sound 13
    17. Longitudinal Versus Transverse Waves 13
    18. Mass/Spring System 15
    19. Simple Harmonic Motion 15
    20. Frequency, Period, Wavelength, Velocity, and Amplitude 16
    21. Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms 18
    22. Pure Tones and Complex Sounds 21
    23. Pure Tones 21
    24. Complex Sounds 21
    25. Periodic Versus Aperiodic Complex Waves 21
    26. Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Spectra 23
    27. Sound Absorption, Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction 24
    28. Constructive and Destructive Interference 28
    29. Attributes of Sounds 31
    30. Frequency and Pitch 31
    31. Frequency: Human Range of Hearing 32
    32. Amplitude, Intensity, and Loudness 32
    33. Decibel Scale 34
    34. Logarithms and Ratios 34
    35. Perception on the dB Scale 36
    36. Advantages of the Decibel Scale 37
    37. Applications of the Decibel Scale 38
    38. Resonance 39
    39. Acoustic Resonance 42
    40. Tube Resonance and Standing Waves 44
    41. Acoustic Resonators as Filters 47
    42. Bandwidth 48
    43. Cutoff Frequencies 49
    44. Resonance Curves 49
    45. Parameters of a Filter 49
    46. Types of Filters 50
    47. Summary 53
    48. Review Exercises 54
20. Chapter 2: The Respiratory System 55
    1. Pulmonary Apparatus 55
    2. Bronchial Tree 56
    3. Chest Wall 59
    4. Muscles of Respiration 62
    5. Accessory Muscles of Respiration 62
    6. Muscles of the Abdomen 62
    7. Pleural Linkage 64
    8. Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs 66
    9. Inhalation 66
    10. Exhalation 67
    11. Rate of Breathing 67
    12. Lung Volumes and Capacities 68
    13. Resting Expiratory Level 69
    14. Lung Volumes 69
    15. Tidal Volume 70
    16. Inspiratory Reserve Volume 70
    17. Expiratory Reserve Volume 71
    18. Residual Volume 71
    19. Dead Air 72
    20. Lung Capacities 72
    21. Vital Capacity 72
    22. Functional Residual Capacity 72
    23. Inspiratory Capacity 72
    24. Total Lung Capacity 73
    25. Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech 75
    26. Location of Air Intake 76
    27. Ratio of Time for Inhalation Versus (Exhalation 77
    28. Volume of Air Inhaled and Exhaled (per Cycle 77
    29. Muscle Activity for Exhalation 78
    30. Chest Wall Shape 79
    31. Breathing Patterns for Speech 80
    32. Speech Breathing for Isolated Vowels and Connected Speech 82
    33. Changes in Speech Breathing Over the Life Span 83
    34. Features of Speech Breathing in Children 83
    35. Features of Speech Breathing in Older Adults 84
    36. Summary 86
    37. Review Exercises 87
21. Chapter 3: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Respiratory Disorders 88
    1. Measurement of Respiratory Variables 88
    2. Pulmonary Function Testing 89
    3. Respiratory Kinematic Analysis 92
    4. Air Pressures 94
    5. Airflow 95
    6. Classification of Respiratory Problems 96
    7. Symptoms of Respiratory Disorders 97
    8. Respiratory Function and Speech Production in Selected Disorders 98
    9. Principles of Clinical Management of Speech Breathing Disorders 98
    10. Neurological Disorders 99
    11. Parkinson’s Disease 99
    12. Cerebellar Disease 101
    13. Cervical Spinal Cord Injury 102
    14. Cerebral Palsy 103
    15. Mechanical Ventilation 104
    16. Voice Disorders 106
    17. Stuttering 108
    18. Asthma 111
    19. Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion 113
    20. Summary 115
    21. Review Exercises 115
    22. Integrative Case Studies 116
22. Chapter 4: The Phonatory/Laryngeal System 118
    1. Laryngeal Skeleton 118
    2. Bones, Cartilages, and Membranes 118
    3. Joints of the Larynx 123
    4. Valves within the Larynx 127
    5. Aryepiglottic Folds 127
    6. False Vocal Folds 127
    7. True Vocal Folds 127
    8. Cover-Body Model 129
    9. Glottis 130
    10. Muscles of the Larynx 130
    11. Extrinsic Muscles 130
    12. Intrinsic Muscles 131
    13. Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation 137
    14. Models of Vocal Fold Vibration 138
    15. Features of Vocal Fold Vibration 139
    16. Changes in the Phonatory/Laryngeal System Over the Life Span 144
    17. Infancy and Childhood 144
    18. Puberty 144
    19. Adulthood 145
    20. Vocal Quality 147
    21. Normal Voice Quality 148
    22. Abnormal Voice Qualities 149
    23. Vocal Registers 151
    24. Physiologic and Acoustic Characteristics of Registers 152
    25. Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking 153
    26. Summary 154
    27. Review Exercises 154
23. Chapter 5: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Phonatory Disorders 155
    1. Measurement of Phonatory Variables 155
    2. Acoustic Analysis 155
    3. Perturbation Measures 160
    4. Noise Measures 162
    5. Laryngeal Visualization Methods 163
    6. Electroglottography 163
    7. EGG and Register 167
    8. EGG Slope Quotients 167
    9. Techniques for Visualizing the Larynx 170
    10. Advantages of Acoustic and Visual Analysis of Phonatory Function 174
    11. Evaluation and Treatment of Communication Disorders Involving the Phonatory System 176
    12. Neurological Disorders 176
    13. Benign Mucosal Lesions 181
    14. Laryngeal Cancer 183
    15. Hearing Impairment 186
    16. Transsexual Voice 187
    17. Stuttering 188
    18. Summary 191
    19. Review Exercises 192
    20. Integrative Case Studies 192
24. Chapter 6: The Articulatory/Resonatory System 195
    1. Articulators of the Vocal Tract 195
    2. Oral Cavity 196
    3. Lips 197
    4. Mandible 198
    5. Maxilla 199
    6. Teeth 200
    7. Hard Palate 203
    8. Soft Palate 203
    9. Tongue 207
    10. Pharynx 211
    11. Muscles of the Pharynx 212
    12. Nasal Cavities 213
    13. Valves of the Vocal Tract 214
    14. Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels 215
    15. Place of Articulation of English (Consonants 215
    16. Manner of Articulation of English (Consonants 216
    17. Voicing 221
    18. Vowel Classification 221
    19. Vocal Tract Resonance 223
    20. Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator 224
    21. Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production 226
    22. Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes 228
    23. Vowel Formant Frequencies 231
    24. F1/F2 Plots 233
    25. Spectrographic Analysis 234
    26. Narrowband and Wideband Spectrograms 235
    27. Relationship Between Articulation and Spectrographic Characteristics of Vowels and Consonants 235
    28. Vowels 236
    29. Diphthongs 236
    30. Nasals 238
    31. Glides 239
    32. Liquids 239
    33. Stops 240
    34. Fricatives 244
    35. Affricates 246
    36. The Production of Speech Sounds in Context 246
    37. Coarticulation 247
    38. Speaking Rate 249
    39. Suprasegmentals 249
    40. Summary 253
    41. Review Exercises 253
25. Chapter 7: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Articulatory and Resonance Disorders 255
    1. Articulation, Intelligibility, and Instrumental Measurement 255
    2. Ultrasound 256
    3. Electropalatography and Glossometry 257
    4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 258
    5. Electromagnetic Articulography 258
    6. Evaluation and Treatment of Communication Disorders Involving Articulation and Resonation 260
    7. Dysarthria/Apraxia 260
    8. Hearing Impairment 267
    9. Cochlear Implantation 270
    10. Speech Sound Disorders 272
    11. Cleft Palate 274
    12. Stuttering 275
    13. Resonance Problems 76
    14. Summary 278
    15. Review Exercises 278
    16. Integrative Case Studies 279
26. Chapter 8: The Auditory System 282
    1. Anatomy of the Ear 282
    2. Outer Ear 282
    3. Tympanic Membrane 284
    4. Middle Ear 284
    5. Inner Ear 288
    6. Perception of Speech 293
    7. Segmentation Problem 293
    8. Role of Redundancy in Speech (Perception 294
    9. Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception 294
    10. Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs 295
    11. Formant Frequency Relationships 295
    12. Diphthongs 297
    13. Consonants 298
    14. Categorical Perception 298
    15. Multiple Acoustic Cues 299
    16. Influence of Coarticulation 299
    17. Perception of Consonants 300
    18. Liquids 300
    19. Glides 300
    20. Nasals 300
    21. Stops 301
    22. Fricatives 303
    23. Affricates 303
    24. Summary 304
    25. Review Exercises 304
27. Chapter 9: Clinical Application: Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders Related to Hearing Impairment 305
    1. Types of Hearing Loss 305
    2. Diagnosis of Hearing Impairment 306
    3. Immittance Audiometry 306
    4. Tympanometry 307
    5. Static-Acoustic Middle Ear Admittance 311
    6. Acoustic Reflex Testing 311
    7. Otoacoustic Emissions Testing 312
    8. Auditory Brain Stem Response Testing 313
    9. Hearing Loss and Speech Perception 314
    10. Clinical Application 314
    11. Phoneme Recognition in Speakers with Hearing Loss 315
    12. Acoustic Cues Used in Phoneme (Recognition 316
    13. Vowel Perception 316
    14. Consonant Perception 317
    15. Cochlear Implants 317
    16. Clinical Application 320
    17. Otitis Media and Speech Perception 320
    18. Language and Reading Disability and Speech Perception 321
    19. Temporal Processing Problems 322
    20. Developmental Dyslexia and Speech Perception 324
    21. Articulatory Problems and Speech Perception 324
    22. Clinical Application 326
    23. Summary 326
    24. Review Exercises 327
    25. Integrative Case Studies 327Chapter 10
    26. Chapter 10: The Nervous System 328
    27. Brain Tissue 329
    28. Glial Cells 329
    29. Neurons 330
    30. Neuronal Function 333
    31. Neurotransmission 333
    32. Central and Peripheral Nervous (Systems 338
    33. Central Nervous System 339
    34. Functional Brain Anatomy 342
    35. Cortex 342
    36. Cortical Connections 344
    37. Lobes of the Brain 345
    38. Subcortical Areas of the Brain 350
    39. Basal Nuclei 350
    40. Thalamus 352
    41. Hypothalamus 353
    42. Brain Stem 354
    43. Midbrain 355
    44. Pons 355
    45. Medulla 355
    46. Cerebellum 356
    47. Spinal Cord 357
    48. Spinal Nerves 361
    49. Cranial Nerves 362
    50. CN V: Trigeminal 363
    51. CN VII: Facial 365
    52. CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear 365
    53. CN IX: Glossopharyngeal 365
    54. CN X: Vagus 365
    55. CN XII: Hypoglossal 367
    56. Blood Supply to the Brain 368
    57. Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production 369
    58. Motor Cortex 370
    59. Upper and Lower Motor Neurons 372
    60. Direct and Indirect Systems 375
    61. Motor Units 375
    62. Principals of Motor Control 378
    63. Role of Feedback and Feedforward in Speech Motor Control 378
    64. Role of Sensory Information in Speech Motor Control 379
    65. Efference Copy 379
    66. Summary 380
    67. Review Exercises 380
28. Chapter 11: Clinical Application: Brain Imaging in the Evaluation and Treatment of Disorders of the Nervous System 381
    1. Techniques for Imaging Brain (Structure 382
    2. Computerized Tomography 382
    3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 383
    4. Techniques for Imaging Brain Function 384
    5. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 384
    6. Positron Emission Tomography 385
    7. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 385
    8. Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials 386
    9. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 388
    10. Use of Brain Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders 390
    11. Stuttering 390
    12. Stroke 391
    13. Parkinson’s Disease 392
    14. Multiple Sclerosis 393
    15. Alzheimer’s Disease 394
    16. Summary 395
    17. Review Exercises 395
    18. Integrative Case Studies 396
29. Chapter 12: Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception 397
    1. Models and Theories 398
    2. Models 398
    3. Theories 399
    4. Issues Related to Organization and Regulation of Speech Motor Control 400
    5. The Serial-Order Issue 400
    6. Degrees of Freedom 401
    7. Context-Sensitivity Problem 401
    8. Models and Theories of Speech Production 401
    9. Dynamic Systems Models 401
    10. Connectionist Models 402
    11. Spatial and Articulatory Target Models 402
    12. Feedback and Feedforward Models 404
    13. The DIVA Model 405
    14. Speech Perception 406
    15. Specialization of Speech Perception 406
    16. Infant Perception 407
    17. Models and Theories of Speech Perception 408
    18. Acoustic Invariance Theory 408
    19. Direct Realism 409
    20. TRACE Model 409
    21. Logogen Theory 410
    22. Cohort Theory 410
    23. Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception 410
    24. Native Language Magnet Theory 411
    25. Motor Theory 411
    26. Summary 413
    27. Review Exercises 414
    28. Glossary 415
    29. References 431
    30. Index 459

Author Biography

Dr. Carole Ferrand earned her BA in English at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, and her MS and PhD in Communication Sciences and Disorders from the Pennsylvania State University. She teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in speech science, and a graduate level course in Voice Disorders. Her research focuses on acoustic attributes of normal and disordered speech production. In addition to Speech Science: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice, she is the author of the textbook, Voice Disorders: Scope of Theory and Practice. When not writing books, Dr. Ferrand enjoys reading historical fiction, a capella singing, and playing banjo.