166 Commerce O Level (Revision Notes)

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166 Commerce O Level (Revision Notes) by Zeeshan Sheikh

Table of Contents
  1.  Unit 1 Production
    1. What is Commerce?
    2. The Chain of Production
      1. Production
      2. Chain of Production
      3. Needs and Wants
      4. Needs
      5. Wants
      6. 166 O Level Commerce Notes
    3. Primary Industries, Secondary Industries and Tertiary Activities
      1. Direct Production and Indirect Production
      2. Direct Production
      3. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sector of Production
      4. Primary Production
      5. Secondary Production
      6. Tertiary Production
      7. How are Manufacturing and Tertiary Activities Inter-Related?
    4. Specialization and Division of Labor
      1. Specialization
      2. Forms of Specialization
    5. Commerce
      1. Trade and Aids To Trade
      2. Types of Trade
      3. Purpose / Importance of Foreign (overseas) Trade
      4. Comparison of Home Trade and Foreign Trade
      5. Aids To Trade
    6. The Relationship Between Industry, Commerce and Direct Services
  2. Unit 2 Retail Trade
    1. The Role of Retailer in the Chain of Distribution
      1. The Retail Trade
    2. Types of Retailers
      1. Small Scale Retailers
      2. Peddlers / Hawkers / Roadside Traders / Mobile Shops / Street Markets
      3. Advantages
      4. Disadvantages
      5. Unit Retailers
      6. Advantages
      7. Disadvantages
      8. Automatic Vending Machines
      9. Advantages
      10. Disadvantages
      11. Specialty Shops
      12. Advantages
      13. Disadvantages
      14. Large Scale Retailers
      15. Department Store
      16. Advantages of Departmental Stores
      17. Disadvantages of Departmental Stores
      18. Multiple Chain Stores / Multiple Shops
      19. Advantages
      20. Disadvantages
      21. Super Market
      22. Advantages of Supermarket
      23. Disadvantages of Supermarkets
      24. Hyper Market
      25. Advantages of Hypermarket
      26. Disadvantages of Hypermarkets
    3. Large Scale and Small Scale Retailing
      1. How Do Small Scale Retailers Survive Against Competition From Large Scale Retailers?
    4. Selling Techniques and Methods and the Implications of E-Commerce
      1. Branding / Own Brands / Logo
      2. Packaging
      3. Self Service
      4. After Sale Service
      5. Computers As Aid To Retailing
      6. E-Commerce
      7. Why Small Scale Retailers Are Dependent On Wholesalers
    5. Trends in Retailing
      1. Omni-Channel (Omni-channel Retailing)
      2. Self Service Checkouts
      3. Loyalty Programs
      4. Mobile Retailing (m-commerce)
  3. Unit 3 Customer Credit
    1. Use of Credit
      1. Reasons for Giving Credit / Reasons for Increased Use of Credit
    2. Types of Credit
      1. Hire Purchase
      2. Extended Credit / Deferred Payment
      3. Store Cards
      4. Credit Cards
      5. Informal Credit / Lay-Bye
    3. Suitability of Different Types of Credit
  4. Unit 4 Wholesaler
    1. The Role of Wholesaler in the Chain of Distribution
      1. Wholesale Trade
      2. Channel of Distribution
      3. Different Channels of Distribution
      4. Factors Affecting Choice of Channel of Distributions
    2. Functions and Services of the Wholesaler
      1. Cash-And-Carry Wholesalers
      2. Voluntary Chains
      3. Reasons Why Do Wholesalers Not Operate At Retail Level
      4. Why the Role of Wholesaler Is On Decline
    3. Intermediaries
      1. Middle Man
      2. Agents
      3. 1 Factors
      4. 2 Brokers
      5. Special Types of Middleman
      6. Why Small Scale Retailers Are Dependent On Wholesalers
  5. Unit 5 Documents of Trade
      1. Why are Documents Needed?
      2. Common Features in all Documents
    2. Documents of Home Trade
      1. Enquiry (Issued By Buyer, Issued To Seller)
      2. Quotation (Issued By Seller, Issued To Buyer)
      3. Catalogue (Issued By Seller, Issued To Buyer)
      4. Price List (Issued By Seller, Issued To Buyer)
      5. Order (Issued By Buyer, Issued To Seller)
      6. Advice Note (Issued By Seller, Issued To Buyer)
      7. Delivery Note (Issued By Seller, Issued To Buyer)
      8. Invoice (Issued By Seller, Issued To Buyer)
      9. Credit Note (Issued By Seller, Issued To Buyer)
      10. Statement of Account (Issued By Seller, Issued To Buyer)
      11. Differences Between Invoice and Statement of Account
      12. Sequence of Documents in Home Trade
    3. Terms of Payment
      1. Cash Discount
      2. Trade Discount
      3. Mark-Up
  6. Unit 6 International Trade
    1. International Trade
    2. The Importance of International Trade
      1. Types of International/Foreign Trade
      2. Visible and Invisible Trade
      3. Similarities Between Home Trade and Foreign Trade
      4. Differences Between Home Trade and Foreign Trade
      5. Interdependence of Countries
      6. 166 O Level Commerce Notes
    3. Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments
      1. Balance of Trade
      2. Balance of Payments
        1. The Current Account
        2. The Capital Account
        3. The Financial Account
      3. Why Deficit in Balance of Payments and Balance of Trade Is Undesirable
    4. Customs Authorities
    5. Free Trade, Trading Blocs and Protectionism
      1. Free Trade
      2. Trading Blocs
      3. Protectionism
      4. How To Protect From Imports-To Make Balance of Payment Surplus?
      5. Effects of Protectionism
    6. Difficulties Faced By Importers and Exporters
      1. Difficulties Faced By Exporters
      2. Exporters and Aids To Trade
  7. Unit 7 Advertising
    1. The Role of Advertising
      1. Aims / Purposes of Advertisement
      2. Advantages of Advertisement
      3. Dangers of Advertisement (Criticism on Advertisements)
      4. Types of Advertising
    2. Advertising Media
      1. Television
      2. Radio
      3. Internet
      4. Cinema
      5. National Newspapers
      6. Local Newspapers
      7. Magazines
      8. Trade Journals
      9. Trade Fairs / Shows / Exhibition
      10. Leaflets / Flyers / Pamphlets
      11. Packaging / Plastic Bags
      12. Direct Mail
      13. Sponsorships
      14. Catalogs / Broachers
      15. Digital Billboard
      16. Transport Vehicles
      17. Point of Sale Display / Windows Display
      18. Neon Lights / Signs
      19. Factors Affecting Choice of Advertisement Media
    3. Methods of Appeal (DEVICES)
      1. Color
      2. Emotion
      3. Ambition
      4. Famous People (celebrities)
      5. Music
      6. Humor
    4. Sales Promotion
      1. Difference Between Advertising and Sales Promotion
      2. Methods of Promotion
      3. Displays and Demonstrations
      4. Factors Effecting Choice of Sales Promotion Method
    5. Trends in Advertising
      1. Digital Billboards
      2. Product Placement
      3. Mobile Phone Advertisement
      4. Digital Video Advertisement
      5. Importance of Internet Advertising
  8. Unit 8 Communication
    1. Importance of Communications in Trade and the Global Market
      1. Importance of Communication in Commerce
    2. Methods of Communications, Internal and External
      1. Verbal / Oral
      2. Visual
      3. Written
      4. Electronic Methods of Communication
      5. Telephones
      6. Mobile-Phones
      7. Internet
      8. Email
      9. Intranet
      10. Teleconferencing and Video-Conferencing
      11. Factors Affecting Choice of Medium
    3. Postal Services
    4. Trends in Communication
      1. Tablets and Smart-Phones
      2. Social Media
      3. Application Stores
  9. Unit 9 Transport
    1. Transportation
      1. Importance of Transportation
      2. Modes of Transportation
      3. Pipelines (Transport of Gases, Liquids)Road Transport
      4. Rail Transport
      5. Air Transportation
      6. Sea Transportation
      7. Waterways
      8. Pipelines
      9. Factors Affecting Choice of Method of Transport
      10. Cost of Transportation
      11. Risk of Damage and Safety Issues
      12. Urgency or Speed Required
      13. Convenience
      14. Distance
      15. Nature of Goods
      16. Quantity To Be Transported
      17. Value of Goods and Security Needed
      18. Effects of Owning Transport To a Business
    2. Containerization
    3. Ports and Airports
      1. Port Authorities
      2. Airport Authorities
    4. Transport Documents
      1. Delivery Note
      2. Consignment Note
      3. Bill of Lading
      4. Air Waybill
    5. Development and Trends in Transportation
      1. Chartering Transport
      2. Express Routes
      3. Changes in Use of Rail Transport, Mass Transit System and High Speed Trains
      4. Increased Use of Freight Forwarders
  10. Unit 10 Warehousing
    1. Role of Warehousing
      1. Importance of Warehouses To Business and Trade
      2. Production
      3. Prices
      4. Regular Supply
      5. Prepares Goods and Make Them Sale-Able
      6. Display of Goods
      7. Services To International Trade
    2. Types of Warehouses
      1. Bonded Warehouse
      2. Cold Storage Warehouse
      3. Cash and Carry Warehouses
      4. Manufacturer and Retailer Warehouses
      5. Regional Distribution Centers
  11. Unit 11 Insurance
    1. Purposes of Insurance
      1. How Does Insurance Help the Economy?
      2. The Importance of Pooling of Risk
    2. Business and Personal Risks
      1. Business Risks
      2. Personal Risks
      3. Difference Between Insurable and Non Insurable Risks
    3. Principles of Insurance
      1. Indemnity/Compensation
      2. Insurable Interest
      3. Utmost Good Faith
      4. Evaluating Insurance Quotation Depends Upon
    4. Effecting Insurance Cover
      1. Procedure
    5. Statistical Basis of Insurance
      1. Factors Affecting the Premium
      2. Premiums and Its Calculations
      3. Main Documents of Insurance
      4. Proposal Form
      5. Cover Note
      6. Insurance Policy
      7. Insurance Broker
      8. Functions of Insurance Broker
      9. Benefits To the Customers Using Insurance Broker
    6. Effecting Insurance Claim
    7. Claim Form
  12. Unit 12 Banking
    1. Introduction
    2. Banking Services
      1. Services Offered By the Commercial Banks
      2. Savings Account
      3. Current Account
      4. Paying-In Slip
      5. Issuance of Bank Statement
      6. Night Safe Deposits
      7. ATM (Automated Teller Machine) Services
      8. Internet Banking
      9. Telebanking
      10. Bank Over-Draft
    3. Means of Payment in Home and International Trade
      1. Payments in Home Trade
      2. Cash
      3. Cheques
      4. Credit Transfers / Bank Giro
      5. Standing Orders / Banker’s Order
      6. Direct Debit
      7. Comparison of Standing Order and Direct Debit
      8. Credit Cards
      9. Debit Cards
      10. Bank Drafts / Cashier’s Cheque / Banker’s Cheque
      11. Factors Effecting Choice of Method of Payment
      12. Means of Payment in International Trade
      13. Remittances
      14. Electronic Transfers
      15. Documentary Credit (Letter of Credit)
    4. Trends in Banking
      1. Mobile and Digital Banking / Internet Banking
      2. Mobile Wallets
  13. Unit 13 the Business Unit
    1. Location of a Business Including Retail Units
      1. Location of Primary Production Units
      2. Location of Secondary Production Units
      3. Location of Tertiary Production Units
    2. Public and Private Sector
      1. The Public Sector
      2. Types of Private Sector Organizations
      3. Sole Trader
      4. Partnership
      5. Private Limited Company
      6. Public Limited Company
      7. Public Corporations
    3. Franchises
      1. Franchisor
      2. Franchisee
      3. Franchise Agreement 166 O Level Commerce Notes
      4. 135 Multinational Companies
  14. Unit 14 Finance
    1. Sources of Finance
      1. Long Term and Short Term Finance
      2. Long-Term Financing
      3. Shares
      4. Debentures
      5. Mortgage
      6. Loans
      7. Sale and Leaseback
      8. Short-Term Financing
      9. Overdraft
      10. Debt Factoring
      11. Leasing
      12. Trade Credit
      13. Hire Purchase
      14. Long-Term Vs Short-Term Financing
      15. Methods of Self-Financing
      16. Retained Profits (Retained Earnings)
      17. Sale of Asset
      18. Savings
      19. Sources of Finance in Particular Given Business Situations
      20. Finance for Commercial Activity
  15. Unit 15 Changing Environment of Commerce
    1. Commercial Activity and the External Environment
      1. Political Factors
      2. Economic Factors
      3. Social Factors
      4. Technological Factors
    2. Commercial and Environmental Effects of E-Commerce
      1. E-Shop (e-store)
      2. Commercial Effects of E-Commerce
      3. 153 Commerce and the Environment
      4. Environmental Effects of E-Commerce
    3. Consumer Protection
      1. Importance of Consumer Protection
      2. Methods of Safeguarding the Consumer
      3. Consumers Rights
      4. Actions that a Consumer Can Take
      5. Faulty Goods
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