Grainger and Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology Essentials (2nd Edition)

Description

With up-to-date, easy-access coverage of every aspect of diagnostic radiology, Grainger and Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology Essentials, 2nd Edition, is an ideal review and reference for radiologists in training and in practice. This comprehensive overview of fundamental information in the field prepares you for exams and answers the practical questions you encounter every day. In a single, convenient volume, this one-stop resource is derived from, and cross-referenced to, the renowned authoritative reference work Grainger & Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology, 6th Edition.

Key Features

• Concentrates on the subjects that general diagnostic radiologists need to know, covering all diagnostic imaging modalities and organized by organ and system.
• Uses a concise, highly templated, bulleted format that helps you find the answers you need quickly and easily.
• Features more than 2,000 high-quality images, including plain film, CT, MRI, and ultrasound.
• Presents images directly linked to relevant text on the facing page – no flipping back and forth to review the key radiological features of disease entities.
• Features a new section on interventional radiology that covers interventional vascular radiology techniques, cross sectional angiography, specific drainage techniques, tumor ablation principles, and intervention in hepatobiliary, genitourinary and gynecological conditions.
• Contains a new section on functional imaging which includes both MRI (diffusion weighted imaging and perfusion MRI) and PETCT.
• Includes diagnostic “pearls” that help you avoid pitfalls and errors in diagnosis.
• Includes a useful Appendix with many quick-reference items that are hard to remember but essential in day-to-day practice. New content includes intravascular contrast media, anticoagulation agents and sedation, the latest TNM 8th edition of staging cancers, and new section on PI-RADS and BI-RADS.
• Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Table of Contents

1. Preface xi
2. Dedication 1
3. Acknowledgements 1
4. Chest
5. Chest wall and pleura 4
6. Chest wall: bony and soft tissue lesions 4
7. Diseases of the pleura 8
8. Pleural effusion 12
9. Pneumothorax 14
10. Diaphragmatic hernia/eventration 16
11. Mediastinum 18
12. Mediastinitis 18
13. Anterior mediastinal masses 20
14. Middle mediastinal masses 26
15. Posterior mediastinal masses 32
16. Miscellaneous mediastinal masses 34
17. Pericardial conditions 36
18. Pulmonary infection 38
19. Lobar pneumonia 38
20. Bronchopneumonia, anaerobic and atypical pneumonia 40
21. Pulmonary tuberculosis 42
22. Fungal infections 44
23. Metazoal and protozoal diseases 48
24. Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 50
25. Large airway disease 52
26. Tracheal disorders 52
27. Bronchiectasis 56
28. Congenital airway disorders 58
29. Emphysema 60
30. Chronic bronchitis and asthma 62
31. Miscellaneous airway disorders 64
32. Pulmonary lobar collapse 66
33. Mechanisms and radiographic appearances 66
34. Patterns of lobar collapse 68
35. Pulmonary neoplasms 72
36. Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule 72
37. Lung cancer: radiological features 74
38. Lung cancer: pearls 76
39. Lymphoproliferative disorders 78
40. Benign pulmonary tumours 80
41. Miscellaneous pulmonary malignancies 82
42. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) 84
43. Hrct patterns of diffuse lung disease 84
44. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias 86
45. Sarcoidosis 90
46. Connective tissue diseases 92
47. Systemic vasculitides 98
48. Drug-Induced lung disease 100
49. Silicosis/coal workers’ pneumoconiosis 102
50. Asbestos-related disease 104
51. Miscellaneous interstitial lung diseases 106
52. Chest trauma 110
53. Chest wall and lung trauma 110
54. Trauma to the diaphragm 112
55. Mediastinal trauma 114
56. Airspace disease 116
57. Airspace disease 116
58. Paediatric chest 122
59. Congenital chest abnormalities 122
60. Causes of neonatal respiratory distress 128
61. Normal paediatric chest and problems with mechanical ventilation 132
62. Miscellaneous itu chest conditions 134
63. Lung transplantation 134
64. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 136
65. Itu chest imaging 138
66. Cardiovascular System 143
67. Congenital heart disease (introduction) Introduction 144
68. Cyanotic congenital heart disease 146
69. Acyanotic congenital heart disease 156
70. Anomalies of the aortic arch (vascular rings) 158
71. Septal defects 160
72. Acyanotic heart disease 162
73. Other anomalies 164
74. Non-ischaemic acquired heart disease 166
75. Acquired mitral valve disease 166
76. Acquired aortic valve disease 168
77. Tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease 170
78. Cardiomyopathies 174
79. Cardiac tumours 178
80. Cardiac trauma 180
81. Pulmonary circulation and Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and thromboembolism 182
82. Pulmonary thromboembolic disease 182
83. Pulmonary vascular patterns 186
84. The aorta 192
    1. Aortic rupture 192
    2. Aortic dissection 194
    3. Aortic aneurysms 198
    4. Mid-aortic syndrome and takaysu’s disease of the
    5. aorta 202
    6. Aortic occlusive disease 204
85. Peripheral vascular disease 210
    1. Gastrointestinal vascular disorders 210
    2. Carotid artery stenosis 212
    3. Peripheral vascular disease of the lower
    4. extremities 214
    5. Disorders of the venous system 216
    6. Miscellaneous vascular disorders 218
86. Ischaemic heart disease 220
    1. Conventional coronary angiography and
    2. echocardiography 220
    3. Ct imaging in ischaemic heart disease 222
    4. Mr imaging in ischaemic heart disease 224
    5. Nuclear cardiac imaging 226
    6. Manifestations of atheromatous coronary artery
    7. disease 230
87. Gastrointestinal 236
    1. Oesophagus 238
       1. Hiatus hernia and reflux 238
       2. Oesophagitis and benign strictures 240
       3. Benign and malignant oesophageal tumours 242
       4. Oesophageal carcinoma 244
       5. Oesophageal dysmotility disorders 248
       6. Miscellaneous oesophageal conditions 250
       7. 3.2 Stomach 252
       8. Benign gastric ulcers 252
       9. Gastritis 254
       10. Benign and malignant gastric tumours 258
       11. Gastric carcinoma 260
       12. Gastric surgery 264
       13. Miscellaneous gastric conditions 266
88. Duodenum 270
    1. Peptic ulceration, gastric heterotopia, duodenal
    2. diverticula 270
    3. Benign and malignant duodenal tumours 272
    4. Miscellaneous duodenal conditions 274
89. Small bowel 276
    1. Crohn’s disease (CD) 276
    2. Infections/infestations of the small bowel 278
    3. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and
    4. carcinoid tumours 280
    5. Benign and malignant small bowel tumours 282
    6. Causes of small bowel obstruction 284
    7. Miscellaneous small bowel disorders 286
90. Colon 292
    1. Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon 292
    2. Colitis 294
    3. Polyps 296
    4. Polyposis syndromes 298
    5. Colorectal cancer 300
    6. Diverticulosis and large bowel strictures 304
    7. Large bowel obstruction 306
    8. Miscellaneous disorders of the large bowel 308
91. Liver 312
    1. Anatomy and imaging techniques 312
    2. Benign diffuse liver disease 314
    3. Cirrhosis 316
    4. Benign solid liver lesions 318
    5. Malignant solid liver lesions 326
    6. Hepatic vascular lesions 332
    7. Miscellaneous liver conditions 338
    8. Liver transplantation and interventional
    9. techniques 344
    10. Diffusion-weighted mr imaging of the liver 346
    11. Mr contrast agents and the liver 348
92. Biliary 350
    1. Methods of investigation 350
    2. Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis 352
    3. Cholecystitis 354
    4. Miscellaneous gallbladder conditions 356
    5. Benign biliary strictures 358
    6. Malignant biliary tumours 360
    7. Biliary atresia and hypoplasia 362
    8. Miscellaneous bile duct disorders 364
93. Pancreas 366
    1. Congenital abnormalities 366
    2. Pancreatitis 368
    3. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 372
    4. Cystic pancreatic tumours 374
    5. Endocrine and islet cell pancreatic tumours 376
    6. Pancreatic trauma, transplant and intervention 378
94. Spleen 380
    1. Miscellaneous splenic conditions 380
95. Peritoneum, mesentery and omentum 382
    1. Benign diseases 382
    2. Developmental anomalies of the mesentery 384
    3. Infective/inflammatory conditions of the
    4. mesentery 386
    5. Neoplastic peritoneal/omental disorders 388
    6. Neoplastic mesenteric disorders 390
96. Plain abdominal radiograph 392
    1. Abnormal gas distribution 392
97. Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders 394
    1. Abdominal wall defects 394
    2. Gastrointestinal causes of neonatal vomiting 396
    3. Oesophageal atresia (OA) and tracheo-oesophageal
    4. fistula (TOF) 398
    5. Malrotation 400
    6. Delayed passage of meconium 402
    7. Abdominal manifestations of cystic fibrosis 404
    8. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) 406
    9. Anorectal malformations 408
    10. Neuroblastoma (NB) 410
    11. Miscellaneous paediatric gastrointestinal
    12. disorders 412
98. Genitourinary 415
    1. Kidneys 416
       1. Renal parenchymal disease 416
       2. Renal tract infection/inflammation 418
       3. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) 424
       4. Renal vascular abnormalities 426
       5. Benign renal masses 430
       6. Renal parenchymal malignancies 432
       7. Other malignancies 434
       8. Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary
       9. tract 436
       10. Renal failure 438
       11. Renal transplantation: assessment 440
       12. Renal transplantation: postoperative
       13. complications 442
       14. Urolithiasis 444
       15. Methods of imaging in obstruction 446
       16. Dilatation of the urinary tract 448
       17. Upper urinary tract trauma 450
    2. Bladder 454
    3. Miscellaneous bladder conditions 454
    4. Bladder tumours 456
    5. Lower urinary tract trauma 458
99. Prostate 460
    1. Prostate: benign disorders 460
    2. Carcinoma of the prostate 462
    3. Prostate anatomy and imaging 464
100. Urethra 466
     1. Urethra: benign disorders 466
     2. Tumours of the urethra 468
101. Male reproductive system 470
     1. Cryptorchidism and testicular torsion 470
     2. Primary testicular malignancies 472
     3. Miscellaneous scrotal lesions 474
     4. Miscellaneous penile conditions 476
102. Paediatric genitourinary disorders 478
     1. Duplex kidney 478
     2. Congenital renal anomalies 480
     3. Congenital renal cystic disease 484
     4. Childhood renal malignancies 488
     5. Paediatric pelvic and scrotal malignancies 492
103. Musculoskeletal System 494
     1. Skeletal trauma 496
        1. Introduction 496
        2. Assessment of cervical spine injuries 498
        3. Spinal injuries 500
        4. Shoulder injuries 506
        5. Upper extremity injuries 512
        6. Carpal bone injuries 514
        7. Wrist and hand injuries 518
        8. Pelvic injuries 520
        9. Hip injuries 522
        10. Avascular necrosis of the hip 526
        11. Knee and lower leg fractures 528
        12. Knee soft tissue injuries 532
        13. Ankle injuries 536
        14. Foot injuries 538
104. Paediatric fractures 540
     1. Specific paediatric fractures 540
     2. Radiology of non-accidental injury 542
     3. Skeletal and brain injuries in non-accidental
     4. injury 544
105. Soft tissue imaging 550
     1. Localized calcification and ossification 550
     2. Generalized soft tissue calcification 552
     3. Soft tissue masses 554
106. General characteristics of bone tumours 558
     1. General characteristics of bone tumours 558
107. Benign bone tumours 560
     1. Chondroid origin 560
     2. Osteoid origin 564
     3. Osteoid origin/tumours of neural tissue 566
     4. Cystic lesions 568
     5. Giant cell tumour/lipomatous bone lesions 570
     6. Fibrous origin 572
     7. Vascular origin 574
     8. Miscellaneous bone lesions 576
108. Malignant bone tumours 580
     1. Chondroid origin 580
     2. Osteosarcoma 582
     3. Other varieties of osteosarcoma 584
     4. Fibrous origin 586
     5. Medullary origin 588
     6. Miscellaneous malignant bone tumours 590
     7. Bone metastases 592
109. Metabolic and endocrine skeletal disease 594
     1. Osteoporosis 594
     2. Vitamin D deficiency 596
     3. Endocrine bone disorders 598
     4. Metabolic bone disorders 602
110. Joint disease 610
     1. Introduction 610
     2. Osteoarthritis 612
     3. Haemophilic and neuropathic arthropathies 614
     4. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and dish 616
     5. Rheumatoid arthritis 618
     6. Seronegative spondyloarthropathy 620
     7. Depositional arthropathy 624
     8. Polyarthritis associated with other diseases 630
111. Bone and soft tissue infection 636
     1. Acute osteomyelitis 636
     2. Chronic osteomyelitis 638
     3. Miscellaneous bone and soft tissue infections 642
112. Congenital skeletal anomalies 646
     1. Developmental skeletal anomalies 646
     2. Selected osteochondrodysplasias 648
     3. Localized disorders of the skeleton 658
     4. Haemoglobinopathies 662
113. Myeloproliferative disorders 666
     1. Reticuloendothelial disorders 666
     2. White cell disorders 668
     3. Plasma cell dyscrasias 670
114. Women’s Imaging 675
115. Breast 676
     1. Introduction 676
     2. Benign mass lesions 678
     3. Microcalcifications 682
     4. Invasive breast carcinoma 684
     5. Contrast-enhanced MRI in breast cancer 688
116. Gynaecology 690
     1. Imaging techniques in gynaecology 690
     2. Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract 692
     3. Benign uterine conditions 694
     4. Endometrial carcinoma 698
     5. Carcinoma of the cervix 700
     6. Benign ovarian tumours 702
     7. Endometriosis, polycystic ovaries and physiological
     8. ovarian cysts 704
     9. Ovarian carcinoma 706
     10. Miscellaneous gynaecological conditions 710
117. Neuroradiology 714
     1. Intracranial tumours 716
     2. Imaging techniques and general features 716
     3. Classification of intracranial tumours 718
     4. Gliomas 720
     5. Infratentorial tumours 724
     6. Supratentorial tumours 730
     7. Extra-axial tumours 732
     8. Meningioma and skull base tumours 734
     9. Cerebral and meningeal metastases 736
     10. Intraventricular tumours 738
     11. Pituitary region tumours 740
     12. Pineal region tumours 744
118. Cerebrovascular disease and non-traumatic
     1. haemorrhage 746
        1. Cerebral ischaemia 746
        2. Other patterns of cerebrovascular disease 750
        3. Carotid and vertebral artery dissection 754
        4. Non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage 756
        5. Cerebral artery aneurysms 758
        6. Arteriovenous malformations 760
119. Brain infection, aids and demyelinating
     1. diseases 762
        1. Intracranial infection 762
        2. Hiv infection and aids 768
        3. Demyelinating and inflammatory disorders 772
120. Brain trauma, degenerative disorders and
     1. epilepsy 776
        1. Head injury 776
        2. Primary and secondary cerebral injury 778
        3. Dementias and epilepsy 780
        4. Skull bone disease 782
        5. Hydrocephalus 784
121. Paediatric neuroradiology 786
     1. Cerebellar malformations 786
     2. Chiari malformations 788
     3. Cerebral malformations 790
     4. Malformations of neuronal migration and cortical
     5. organization 792
     6. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) 794
     7. Neurocutaneous syndromes 796
     8. Inborn metabolic brain disorders 798
     9. Congenital skull anomalies 800
     10. Congenital intracranial infections 802
     11. Paediatric meningitis 804
     12. Hypoxic–Ischaemic injury in the developing brain 806
122. The spine 808
     1. Spinal dysraphism 808
     2. Congenital spinal anomalies 810
     3. Skeletal abnormalities 816
     4. Vascular spinal lesions 818
     5. Spinal tumours 820
     6. Spinal infection 830
     7. Infective/inflammatory disorders of the spine 832
     8. Spinal cord trauma and the postoperative spine 834
     9. Degenerative spinal disease 836
123. The orbit 842
     1. The orbit 842
     2. Conal and extraconal disorders 846
     3. Intraconal disorders 848
124. Ear, nose and throat radiology 856
     1. Selected disorders of the ear 856
     2. Nose and paranasal sinuses 858
     3. The nasopharynx 860
     4. Disorders of the oropharynx, larynx and soft tissues of
     5. the neck 862
125. Dental radiology 864
     1. Mandibular/maxillary cystic lesions 864
     2. Tumours of bone 866
     3. Facial trauma 868
     4. Salivary glands 870
     5. Salivary gland disorders 872
126. Endocrine System 875
     1. Thyroid disorders 876
        1. Thyroid cancer 876
        2. Miscellaneous thyroid disorders 880
127. Adrenal disorders 882
     1. Non-functional adrenal disorders 882
     2. Adrenal hyperfunction 888
128. Lymphoma 893
     1. Lymphoma 894
        1. Lymphoma 894
        2. Lymph node disease in lymphoma 898
        3. Cns lymphoma 900
        4. Pulmonary lymphoma 902
        5. Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract 904
        6. Musculoskeletal lymphoma 906
        7. Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma 908
        8. Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma 910
        9. Monitoring the response to therapy in lymphoma 912
129. Functional Imaging 915
130. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) 917
131. Functional imaging 918
132. Interventional Radiology 925
133. Interventional vascular radiology
134. techniques 926
135. Cross-sectional vascular imaging 930
136. Specific drainage techniques 931
137. Principles of tumour ablation 932
138. Hepatobiliary intervention 936
139. Genitourinary interventional radiology 940
140. Woman’s imaging – interventional
141. radiology 944
     1. Obstetric haemorrhage 946
142. Appendices 949
143. General pearls 950
144. Anatomy pearls 958
145. Pearls in musculoskeletal imaging and
146. pathology 962
     1. 1. Pearls in pathology 962
        2. Pearls in musculoskeletal imaging 964
147. Patterns of tumour spread 968
148. Tnm staging of common cancers 974
149. Index 991

Authors Biography

Lee A. Grant, MB ChB, BA(Oxon), MRCS, FRCR, Consultant Radiologist, The Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Nyree Griffin, MB ChB (Hons), MD, MRCS, FRCR, Consultant Radiologist, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK