Image Encryption: A Communication Perspective

Description

Presenting encryption algorithms with diverse characteristics, Image Encryption: A Communication Perspective examines image encryption algorithms for the purpose of secure wireless communication. It considers two directions for image encryption: permutation-based approaches and substitution-based approaches.

Covering the spectrum of image encryption principles and techniques, the book compares image encryption with permutation- and diffusion-based approaches. It explores number theory-based encryption algorithms such as the Data Encryption Standard, the Advanced Encryption Standard, and the RC6 algorithms. It not only details the strength of various encryption algorithms, but also describes their ability to work within the limitations of wireless communication systems.

Since some ciphers were not designed for image encryption, the book explains how to modify these ciphers to work for image encryption. It also provides instruction on how to search for other approaches suitable for this task. To make this work comprehensive, the authors explore communication concepts concentrating on the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and present a simplified model for the OFDM communication system with its different implementations.

Complete with simulation experiments and MATLAB^® codes for most of the simulation experiments, this book will help you gain the understanding required to select the encryption method that best fulfills your application requirements.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Image Encryption
3. Introduction
4. Basic Concepts of Cryptography
   1. Goals of Cryptography
   2. Principles of Encryption
5. Classification of Encryption Algorithms
   1. Classification According to Encryption Structure
   2. Classification According to Keys
   3. Classification According to Percentage of Encrypted Data
6. Cryptanalysis
7. Features of Image Encryption Schemes
8. Conventional Symmetric Block Ciphers
   1. Data Encryption Standard
   2. Double DES
   3. Triple DES
   4. International Data Encryption Algorithm
   5. Blowfish
   6. RC5 Algorithm
      1. RC5 Encryption Algorithm
      2. RC5 Decryption Algorithm
      3. RC5 Key Expansion
   7. RC6 Algorithm
      1. RC6 Encryption Algorithm
      2. RC6 Decryption Algorithm
   8. The Advanced Encryption Standard
9. Modes of Operation
   1. The ECB Mode
   2. The CBC Mode
   3. The CFB Mode
   4. The OFB Mode
10. Chaos and Cryptography
11. The 2D Chaotic Baker Map
12. Encryption Evaluation Metrics
13. Introduction
14. Encryption Evaluation Metrics
    1. Histogram Deviation
    2. Correlation Coefficient
    3. Irregular Deviation
    4. Histogram Uniformity
    5. Deviation from Ideality
    6. Avalanche Effect
    7. NPCR and UACI
15. Other Tests
    1. Noise Immunity
    2. The Processing Time
16. Testing the Evaluation Metrics
17. Summary
18. Homomorphic Image Encryption
19. Overview
20. Homomorphic Cryptosystem
21. Security Analysis and Test Results
    1. Statistical Analysis
       1. Histograms of Encrypted Images
       2. Encryption Quality Measurements
    2. Key Space Analysis
       1. Exhaustive Key Search
       2. Key Sensitivity Test
    3. Differential Analysis
22. Effect of Noise
23. Summary
24. Chaotic Image Encryption with Different Modes of Operation
25. Overview
26. Chaotic Encryption with Modes of Operation
27. Implementation Issues
28. Simulation Examples and Discussion
29. Summary
30. Diffusion Mechanism for Data Encryption in the ECB Mode
31. Introduction
32. The Preprocessing Network
    1. The Addition Part
    2. The SPN
33. Implementation Issues
    1. Effect of the Normalized Block Size on Diffusion
    2. Effect of the Normalized Block Size on Block Dependency
34. Simulation Examples
    1. Encryption Quality
    2. Diffusion
    3. Encryption of Images with Few Details
35. Summary
36. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
37. Introduction
38. Basic Principles of OFDM
    1. Orthogonality
    2. Frequency Domain Orthogonality
39. OFDM System Model
    1. FFT-OFDM
    2. DCT-OFDM
    3. DWT–OFDM
    4. Discrete Wavelet Transform
       1. Implementation of the DWT
       2. Haar Wavelet Transform
40. Guard Interval Insertion
41. Communication Channels
    1. Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel
    2. Fading Channel
42. Channel Estimation and Equalization
43. OFDM Limitations
44. Introduction
45. Analysis of Intercarrier Interference
46. CFO in FFT-OFDM System Model
47. CFO in DCT-OFDM System Model
48. CFO in DWT-OFDM System Model
49. CFO Compensation
50. Simulation Parameters
51. Effect of PAPR
52. PAPR Reduction Methods
    1. The Clipping Method
    2. The Companding Method
    3. The Hybrid Clipping-and-Companding Method
53. Simulation Experiments of PAPR Reduction Methods
54. Sampling Clock Offset
    1. System Model
55. Simulation Examples
56. Simulation Parameters
57. Simulation Experiments in the Presence of CFO
58. Simulation Experiments for Enhanced Algorithms
59. Simulation Experiments of PAPR Reduction Methods
60. Summary
61. References
62. Appendix A
63. Appendix B
64. Index

Author Description

Fathi E. Abd El-Samie received the BSc(Honors), MSc, and PhD degrees from Menoufia University, Menouf, Egypt, in 1998, 2001, and 2005, respectively. Since 2005, he has been a teaching staff member with the Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University. He is currently a researcher at KACST-TIC in Radio Frequency and Photonics for the e-Society (RFTONICs). He is a co-author of about 200 papers in international conference proceedings and journals and four textbooks.

Dr. Abd El-Samie was a recipient of the Most Cited Paper Award from the Digital Signal Processing journal in 2008.

Hossam Eldin H. Ahmed received a BSC(Honors) in nuclear engineering in June 1969 (Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt); an MSc in microelectronic electron diffraction in April 1977 (Nuclear Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University); and a PhD in June 1983 (High Institute of Electronic and Optics, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France). From 1970 to 1977, he was in the Egyptian marine forces. He was a demonstrator in 1977, teaching lectures and staff members with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Communications, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Menoufia University. In 1993, he became a professor of microelectronics, VLSI design technology, communication systems, and computer networks. From 1993 until 1999, he was vice dean for education and student affairs at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering. In 2001, he became a chairman of the Electronics and Electrical Communications Department.

Ibrahim F. Elashry graduated from the Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelshiekh University, Egypt, in 2007. He is now a teaching assistant and PhD student at the University of Wollongong (UOW), Australia

Mai H. Shahieen graduated in May 2005 from the Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University. Her 2011 MSc degree is in encrypted image transmission over wireless channels. She is now a PhD student at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering. Her research interests are broadband wireless distribution systems, image and video compression, multimedia systems, and wireless networks.

Osama S. Faragallah received BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees in computer science and engineering from Menoufia University, Menouf, Egypt, in 1997, 2002, and 2007, respectively.

El-Sayed M. El-Rabaie (senior member, IEEE 1992, MIEE chartered electrical engineer) was born in Sires Elian (Menoufia), Egypt, in 1953. He received the PhD degree in microwave device engineering from the Queen’s University of Belfast in 1986.

Saleh A. Alshebeili is professor and chairman (2001–2005) of the Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He has more than 20 years of teaching and research experience in the area of communications and signal processing.